Hindu Administrative Institutions c8.s1.2

c8.s1.2

¹ The eighteen *tirthas* of Sanskrit literature are *mantrin* (chief minister), *purohita* (adviser in religion), *senāpati* (commander-in-chief), *yuvarāja* (Crown Prince), *dauvārika* (head door-keeper or palace mayor), *antarvaṃśika* (chamberlain), *Praśāsṭṛ* (secretary in charge of prisons), *samāhartṛ* (collector-general), *sannidhātṛ* (finance minister), *pradeṣṭṛ* (chief police officer), *nāyaka* (leader of infantry), *pauravyavahārika* (judge at the capital), *karmāntika* (director of mines and industries), *mantrapariṣadadhyakṣa* (secretary to the council-assembly), *daṇḍapāla* (leader of the army corps), *durgapāla* (the officer in charge of fortresses), *antapāla* (the chief of frontier guards), and *āṭavika* (forest chiefs).[^2] Dr. Nag takes *nāyaka-Paura* as one official and *vyavahārika* as a separate entity (*Les Theories Diplomatique*, p. 38), while Jayaswal makes *nāyaka* (generalissimo), *Paura* (governor of the capital), and *vyavahārika* (Judge) as three distinct *tirthas*. In his classification he has left out *āṭavika* and the reason for the exclusion of this department has not been furnished. (*Hindu Polity*, pt. ii, pp. 133-134; *Arthaśāstra*, i. 12; Trivandrum edition, vol. i, p. 57).