Hindu Administrative Institutions c8.s3.43

c8.s3.43

In the verses quoted above it is said that such of the councillors who are admitted to the cabinet must be those who have completely satisfied the five tests (पञ्चोपधाः) The term उपधाः is of great constitutional importance in Kauṭalya's *Arthaśāstra*. Kauṭalya mentions only four kinds of *Upadhas* (उपधाभिश्चतुर्विधा). These are धर्मोपधाः; अर्थोपधाः; कामोपधाः, and भयोपधाः ॥ He recommends what the *Mahābhārata* recommends