War in Ancient India c5.s1.11

c5.s1.11

The other studies consisted of the various branches of military science, usually called *Dhanur Veda*. This particularly related to the use and handling of different arms and armaments. While the forenoon was devoted to learning the theory and practice of arms, the afternoon was devoted to the hearing of *Itihāsa*. The education of a Kṣatriya was not considered complete if he had not either himself studied the *Itihāsas* or heard them read to him. It was deemed that this study of the *Itihāsas*, or historical accounts of the exploits and adventures of his great ancestors, was quite essential to a young Kṣatriya, so that he might follow their example, their policy, and administration in order to achieve success for himself.¹² As the time of studentship was limited and the programme of studies was heavy and ambitious, a class of bards called Sūtas were engaged to narrate to him such stories at a certain fixed time daily. The evening and the early portion of the night were devoted to learning new and difficult lessons. The Kṣatriyas were taught in the homes of their teachers, generally away from the bustle of the town and consequently unused to a life of luxury.¹³ Education was so devised that it nurtured in them the virtue of discipline (*vidyāvinīta*).¹⁴ So much importance was attached to discipline and to obedience to teachers. Whatever the teachers wished to have in the form of *gurudakṣiṇā*, the pupils were ready to give at any cost and under any circumstance. The Arthaśāstra¹⁵ insists on a period of apprenticeship for the pupil which consists of learning the practical side of his duties as a subordinate to an administrative superior. At the termination of the practical training the Kṣatriya was drafted to service and deemed worthy of occupying an independent position.