Caste and Race in India c22: Index

Caste and Race in India c22

Language: English

Index

c22.1

Abhiras, tribe, 50 Aborigines, Aboriginal castes, 48, 96, 104, 105, 107, 143, 144 Aboriginal tribes, 29, 30, 40, 48, 96, 104, 105, 107, 143, 144 Aboriginal type, 105 Abul Fazal, castes in time of, 100 Agamudaiyan, caste, 110, 119 Agastya, legend of, 143 Agri, caste, 20 Aheriya, caste, 5 Ahir, caste, 5, 20, 31, 100 Aitareya Brāhmaṇa: warning to Kshatriyas, 41; on the importance of Purohita, 42; on the low birth of Kavaṣha, 44; on the position of a Vaiśya, 45 Ajātaśatru, philosopher-king, 45 Akbar, castes in time of, 17, 100 Alpine race, 114, 121, 122, 123 Ambattan, caste, 110 Ambaṭṭha, Brahmin student, 65 Aṅgiras, Smṛti, 89 Antyajas, 80; *see* Outcast Āpastamba, Dharma Sūtra, 52, 53, 55, 58, 61, 71, 72, 73 Arabs, absence of endogamy among, 131, 132 Arjuna, 61 Arora, tribe, 20 Arthaśāstra, 74, 87; *see* Kauṭilya Artisan castes of Madras: struggle for higher social status, 6; non-Brahmin priests of, 14 Ārya: contrast with Dāsa, 41, 46; illicit unions with Śūdra, 47; contrast with Śūdra, 55; invasion of India by, 104; opposition of Dāsa to, 144 Aryan, people, 47, 48, 49, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 112, 113, 123, 143 Aryan, type, 104, 112 Arya Samaj: attitude towards caste, 165; reasons of the popularity of, 165 Aryo-Dravidian type, 112, 119 Asat Śūdra, 83, 85, 92 Aslrafin, 10 Aspr̥isya Śūdras, 8 Aśvapati, philosopher-king, 43 Atri, Smṛti, 85, 88, 89 Australians, 117 Ayogava, mixed caste, 47

c22.2

Babhan, caste, 109 Bachgoti, caste, 100 Badaga, caste, 110, 119 Bagdi, caste, 120 Bagri, caste, 100 Bahuliya, Baheliya, caste, 5, 120 Bahurupi, caste, 90 Baines, Sir A., 1, 17, 32 Baligas, caste, 96 Bālisikas, caste, 70 Bāṇa, Pāraśava brothers of, 91 Bania: caste, divisions and sub-divisions of, 18, 19, 100; occupational nature of, 28; territorial subcastes of, 32; nasal index of, 109 Bansphor, caste, 8, 29 Bant, caste, 110, 121 Baoriya, caste, 100 Barai, caste, endogamous sub-divisions of, 31, 32 Barbosa, Duarte, on castes in Malabar, 99 Barber: caste, 10, 25, 26, 76; as match-maker and marriage priest, 26 Barhai, caste, seven subcastes of, 21, 22 Bari, caste, 20 Basor, caste, 8, 33, 37 Basu, B. N., efforts to liberalize marriage law, 153 Baudhāyana, Dharma Sūtra, 70, 71, 73, 77, 78 Bauri, caste, 109, 110 Bedar, caste, 110 Bengali Brahmin, 120, 121; subcastes of, 31 Berad, caste, subcastes of, 37 Bhadralok, 19 Bhagavadgītā, Gītā: assurance of salvation to Vaiśya and Śūdra, 59; duties and functions of four castes, 61, 62 Bhandari, caste, 2, 5, 30 Bhangi, caste, 8, 30 Bhatia, caste, ethnic origin of, 20 Bhil, tribe, 20, 31, 89, 100, 122 Bhilala, caste, 20 Bhishma, discipleship of Paraśurāma, 64 Bhotia, caste, 120 Bhuiya, caste, 109

c22.3

Bhuiyar, caste, 5 Bhulla, caste, nickname origin of, 30 Billava, caste, 110 Bind, caste, 100 Bisen, caste, 100 Bishnois, caste, sectarian origin of, 29 Blacksmith, caste, 88, 98 Borradaile, H., a Bombay officer, 150 Brāhmaṇas, 89 Brahmin Government of Poona, 5; see Peshwas Brahmins, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 19, 24, 26, 27, 31, 32, 36, 39, 40, 42, 43, 45, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 82, 84, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 95, 96, 100, 102, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 111, 119, 143, 144, 145, 146, 151, 152, 156, 162, 163, 164, 168, 170, 171, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 182, 183, etc.; absence of caste-councils, 8; attitude towards other castes, 42, 43, 51, 53, 88, 89, 145, 146; of Behar, 106, 119, 120; endogamy among, 107, 111; exclusive right of priestcraft, 14, 16, 44, 51, 52, 81, 147, 151, 152, 181; food restrictions for, 5, 7, 8, 9, 145, 146; in Malabar, 99, 100; marriage among, 44, 45, 58, 77, 80; occupations of, 16, 17, 74, 75, 76, 89, 90, 96, 175; privileges of, 14, 15, 42, 43, 58, 54, 83; revolt against the supremacy of, 6, 60, 64, 65; saints, 94; sole receiver of gifts, 52, 82; supremacy over Kshatriyas, 51, 52, 53; in U.P., 105, 106, 109, 119, 120, 121 Brahmos, 153 Brahmo Samaj inclusion in Hindu society, 153; aims of, 164 Brhadāranyaka Upanishad, on Paulkasas, 48 Brhadyama, Smrti, classification of Sūdras by, 85 Brown race, 119, 122 Buchanan, C., 18 Buddha: assertion of Kshatriya pre-eminence by, 64; discussion with Ambaṭṭha, 65; previous births of, 66; attitude towards caste, 67 Buddhism, Buddhistic religion, 60, 64, 67, 92, 145 Buddhistic literature, 39, 65, 71, 75

c22.4

Buddhistic revolt, 84 Bunker, caste, 29 Burud, caste, 96; see Cane-worker

c22.5

Cane-worker, caste, 88, 89 Carpenter, caste, 12, 72, 88 Caste: method of abolition of, 182, 183, 184, 185; autonomy of, 150; British policy with regard to, 101, 102, 103, 104; change of, 80; as channel of charity, 170, 177, 178, 181; contrast with class, 2; Deities of, 5; disabilities of, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14; endogamy of, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 76-80, 96, 181, 186; food restrictions of, 7, 8, 9; gradations of, 6, 7; intermarriage, 76-80, 86, 87, 90, 91, 96, 143, 144, 146, 152, 153, 175, 176, 186; lack of choice of occupation, 15, 16, 17, 18, 175; in Malabar, 90; based on nicknames, 30; based on occupations, 28, 29; origin of, 101, 142-8, 157; privileges of, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14; revival of spirit of, 157, 158; revolt against, 95, 164, 165, 166; based on sect, 30; segregation of, in modern cities, 176, 177; social intercourse of, 7, 8, 9, 10; solidarity of, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 87, 97, 140, 147, 148, 160, 161, 177, 179, 180; based on names of tribes, 29; based on territory, 31 Caste-Disabilities-Removal Act, 152 Census Reports, and revival of caste-spirit, 157, 158 Cephalic Index, 103, 104, etc. Chahamana, caste, 91 Chakkiliyan, caste, segregation of, 10 Chamar, Chambhar, caste, 15, 17, 25, 29, 32, 33, 34, 37, 38, 102, 103, 106, 107, 109, 110, 116, 118, 119 Chanda, Rai Bahadur, Rama Prasad, 107, 119, 121, 123 Chandal, caste, 109, 120 Chaṇḍāla, 47, 48, 60, 61, 73, 74, 79, 86, 89, 95, 106, 109, 120, 121; origin of, 47, 48 Chandel, caste, 100 Chandragupta, Sūdra origin of, 59 Chank bangles, use of, by Bengal Brahmins, 121 Charan, caste, 82 Chārudatta, pursuit of Vaiśya's occupation by, 90 Chasa, caste, 109

c22.6

Chatfield, concessions in fees to backward castes by, 155 Chero, tribe, 5 Cheruman, caste, 111 Chetti, caste, 28 Chhatri, caste, 103, 105, 109 Chitpavan Brahmins : physical affinities with Deshasth Brahmins, 100, 120 ; green-grey eyes of, 122 ; *see* Konkanasth Brahmins Christians, 178 Chuhra, 105, 106 Clean Sūdras, 13, 14 Colebrooke, H. T., on diversity of occupations of castes, 17 Communal representation, 167, 178 Confucius, division of people into five classes by, 128 Coppersmith, caste, 12 Crooke, W., 102, 108 Cross-cousin marriage, 115, 116, 117

c22.7

Dāna-stutis, 81 Dangi, tribe, 80 Dards, caste, 123 Darius, 113 Darji, caste, 32 Dāsa : contrast with Ārya, 41, 46 ; merging into Sūdra and Nishāda classes, 55 ; opposition between Ārya and, 144 Dasapura, caste, 99 Dasaratha, Sūdra, wife of, 59, 80 Dasyu, 56, 82 Dayanand Swami, 165 Depressed classes : residence of, 11 ; horn as a distinguishing mark of, 12 ; disappearance of segregation in schools, 154 ; special representation in local and legislative bodies, 155, 173 ; entry into Hindu temples, 159, 172 Deshasth Brahmins : devotion to secular pursuits of, 16 ; territorial derivation of, 81 ; sub-castes of, 86 ; physical affinities of, 100, 110 Devāpi, 44 Dhangar, caste, 25, 35, 38, 120 Dharkar, caste, 8, 29, 83, 120 Dharkatta, caste, 99 Dhed, caste, 32, 83 Dhimar, caste, 33, 35, 38 Dhobi, caste, 8 ; *see* Washerman Divide and Rule policy, 164 Dom, Domb : caste, 5, 8, 26, 29, 106, 109, 120 ; prominence at the burning ghat, 26 Dosadh or Dusadh, caste, 100, 120

c22.8

Draupadī, objection against Karṇa's low birth, by 81 Dravidian culture, 121, 144 Dravidian India, 103 Dravidian languages, 115, 116, 117 Dravidian type, Dravida type : 112, 114, 115, 118, 120, 122, 123 Dubla, caste, nickname-origin of, 30 Dvija, Dvijāti, 51, 144 ; *see* Twice-born castes Dyer of cloths, caste, 88

c22.9

Egyptians, 124, 125 Ekajāti, 51, 144 Ekanath, performance of purificatory rites by, 94 Ellenborough, Lord, on the recruitment of the Indian army, 104 Elliot, 157 Elphinstone, Lord, on Indian army, 163

c22.10

Endogamy, 18, 19, 79, 80, 111, 131, 132, 182 Eta, untouchability of, 129, 130

c22.11

Fick, R. : on the nature of Buddhistic revolt, 67 ; on the endogamy of castes, 80 Fishermen, caste, 89 Food : Kachcha, Pakka, 7, 8, 9 ; restrictions of, 7, 8, 9 Forbes, James, on Brahmins of Travancore, 15 Fryer, John, on the anti-Brahmin attitude of Kammalans, 6

c22.12

Gaduria, caste, 29 Gadarwal, caste, 100 Gait, E. A. : on multiplicity of castes, 19, 20 ; on prohibition of intermarriage, 21 Gamalla, caste, 5 Gandhi, Mahatma : on untouchability, 172, 173 ; on reinstatement of traditional four castes, 182, 183 Ganiha, caste, 110 Garasia, caste, 100 Gaudakaranika, caste, 98 Gaoli, Gauli, Gavli, caste, 28, 82, 83, 87 Gautama : Dharma Sūtra, 50, 52, 53, 55, 56, 58, 60, 72, 74, 75, 77, 79 ; on the change of caste, 80 Gautami, caste, 100 Gens, 133 Ghasi, caste, 96 Ghelot, caste, 100 Gola, caste, 109

c22.13

Golla, caste, 110 Goldsmith, caste, non-Brahmin priests of, 14, 179 Gond, tribe, 20, 88, 90, 114, 122 Gondhali, caste, subcastes of, 39 Gosai, caste, sectarian origin of, 20 Gotra, 68 Gour, Sir Hari Sing, 158; see Special Marriage Amendment Act Govullave (cow-herdsmen), caste, 97 Grhya Sūtras, on exclusion of Śūdra from initiation, 56, 57 Greeks, 125 Gregory XV, Pope, Bull on caste-regulations, 164 Griffin, Sir Lepel, on the usefulness of caste, 164 Guguli Brahmins, 99 Guha, Dr. B. S., on the pre-Dravidian type, 117 Gujar, Gurjar, caste, 29, 83, 100, 103 Gurav, caste, inclusion in the village-assembly of, 25 Guria, caste, 100 Gwalla, caste, 100

c22.14

Haddon, Dr. A. C., 114, 121 Halwai, caste, 8 Hamilton, Capt. Alexander, on divisions among Baniyas, 100 Hammurapi, Code of, 125, 126 Harsha, Harshavardhana, 90, 91 Havig Brahmins, pursuit of military service by, 16 Hawaiians, three class-divisions among, 129 Hemādri, 39, 91, 92, 93 Hindu temples, 159, 172 Hiniu, untouchability of, 129 Holeya, caste, 6, 11, 110, 121 Holland, Sir Thomas, 103, 114 Hūnas, invasion of India by, 92 Hypergamy, 18, 92, 96, etc.

c22.15

Idiga, caste, 5 Idaiyan, caste, 110 Ilvas (toddy tappers), caste, 98 Impure castes, 10, 11, 14, 19 Indian army, exclusion of higher castes from, 163 Indian mutiny, 10; see Mutiny of 1857 Indo-Aryan culture, 142, 143, 144, 145 Indo-Aryans, 58, 112, 113, 114, 119, 120, 121, 143, 144, 188 Indo-Aryan, type, 112, 113, 119, 128 Initiation, exclusion of Śūdra from, 55, 56, 57 Iranians, 113 Irula, caste, 110, 115, 116

c22.16

Irving, B. A., 17 Izhava (toddy tapper), caste, 12

c22.17

Jackson, 22 Jain inscriptions, mention of different castes in, 90 Jainism: Vaiśya followers of, 60; assertion of Kshatriyas social supremacy by, 64 Jains, 153 Jājali, episode of, 62 Jalabyabaharya-Śūdra, 8 Jalacharaniya-Śūdra, 9 Janaka, philosopher-king, 45 Jat, caste, 28 Jātaka, stories, 65, 66, 67, 74, 76, 80 Jāti, 51, 68, 80 Jat-pat-torak mandal, 161 Jehangir, castes in time of, 100 Jñāneshwar, 94 Jogi, caste, 29, 35 Joria, caste, 29 Joyce, T. A., on differential Index, 103

c22.18

Kachhi, tribe, nasal index of, 109 Kadamba, rulers of Banawasi, 90 Kadir, tribe, 116 Kafirs, 123 Kahar, tribe, 20 Kaibart, caste, 100 Kali age, 81, 82, 83, 96 Kallan, tribe, 30 Kamalākara, Nibandha-writer, 91, 92, 93, 96 Kambojas, corporation of warriors, occupations of, 75 Kammalas, caste, opposition to Brahmins of, 9, 178; see Artisans of Madras Kamsala, caste, 5 Kanaujiya, Brahmins, military services of, 16 Kandu, castes, 66 Kanets, caste, 114, 123 Kanikar, tribe, 111, 115, 116 Kanmalar, caste, 98 Kapu, caste, 110 Karan, caste, 100 Karhada Brahmins, endogamy of, 18, 75 Karna, discipleship of Paraśurāma, 64; low birth of, 81 Karnatak Smart Brahmin, nasal index of, 110 Kasar, caste, 29, 32 Kashmiris, 114 Kassites, migration from Elam, 122 Kāṭhaka Saṃhitā: a rite for non-Brahmins, 44; Kshatriya's superiority over Brahmin, 44

c22.19

Katia, caste, 33 Katkari, tribe, 37, 110 Kauravas, 81 Kaushitaki Brāhmaṇa, on Niṣādas, 48 Kausik, caste, 100 Kauṭilya, 50, 52, 54, 57, 59, 68, 70, 72, 73, 75, 76, 77, 78; *see* Arthaśāstra Kavashu, low birth of, 44 Kayans, three classes of, 130 Kayasth caste, 8, 30, 32, 99, 100, 109 Kenne, A. H., on close correspondence of nose index to social status, 109 Kentish society, three sub-divisions of, 133 Kenyaks, three classes of, 130 Kerr, James, on the usefulness of caste, 164 Kevat, caste, 100, 110 Kevaṭṭas, caste, 76 Khand, caste, 100 Khandait, caste, 109 Kharwar, caste, 5 Khasia, caste, 100 Khatri, caste, 105, 114 Khond, tribe, 29 Koiri, caste, 109 Kol, caste, 109, 114 Kolhati, caste, 96 Koli, caste, 5, 32, 33, 100 Komti, caste, 5, 110 Konkanasth Brahmins: exemption from duties of, 15; devotion to secular pursuits, 16; endogamy of, 18, 175; territorial derivation of, 31; *see* Chitpavan Brahmins Kori, caste, 33 Korwa, caste, 5 Koch, Kochh, tribe, 29, 100 Krishna, preaching of, 62 Kshatriyas, 18, 20, 39, 41, 42, 44, 45, 48, 49, 51, 52, 53, 54, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 69, 70, 71, 74, 75, 77, 78, 81, 82, 83, 86, 88, 90, 91, 92, 96, 144, 145, 146, 182, 183; competition with Brahmins, 63, 64; dependence on Brahmins, 42, 63; destruction of, 59, 63, 64; alleged extinction of, 92; marriage among, 77-80; occupations of, 74, 75, 96; and priestcraft, 44, 62, 63; revolt against Brahmins, 64, 65 Kulwadi, caste, 10 Kumbhar, Kumhar, caste, 26, 37, 38; *see* Potter Kunbi, caste, 26, 29, 32, 33, 34, 35, 106

c22.20

Kurmi, caste, 28, 100, 106, 109, 119 Kurumba, caste, 110 Kurumo, caste, 118

c22.21

Lact, a class in Anglo-Saxon England, 133 Laghuśankha Smṛti, on distinction between Śūdra and other castes, 85; on pollution of water, 89 Laghuvishnu Smṛti, on classification of Śūdras, 85 Latthe, A. B. Rao Bahadur, on communal electorates, 167 Leather-workers, caste, 89 Likhita, Smṛti, on distinction between Śūdra and other castes, 85

c22.22

Linga-Banajiga, caste, 110 Lingayat, caste, 12 Lonari, caste, subdivisions of, 34 Lodha, caste, 28, 100, 109 Lohana, caste, ethnic origin of, 29 Lohar: caste, 25, 26, 32, 109, 160; inclusion in village assembly of, 25 Lunia, caste, occupational origin of, 29

c22.23

MacIver, R. M., on the distinction between caste and class, 2 Mādhava, commentator on Parāśara-Smṛti, 89, 91, 93, 96, 97 Madiga, caste, 5, 11, 110, 121 Maga Brahmins, 99 Mahābhārata, 52, 53, 56, 57, 60, 61, 62, 64, 78, 81 Mahāpātaka (serious sins), 54 Mahar, caste, 2, 11, 12, 17, 24, 25, 26, 29, 32, 33, 35, 38, 106, 154; to determine date of the wedding, 26 Maharaja of Kolhapur, advocacy of non-Brahmin cause by, 155, 166 Mahāvīra, preachings of, 64 Mahipati, author of *History of Saints*, 94 Mala, caste, 5, 110, 121 Malaiyali, caste, 110 Malasar, caste, 110 Mali, caste, 32, 34, 165 Manbhaos, caste: sectarian origin of, 29; revolt against caste, 95 Mandlik, V. N., on internal economy of Śūdra, 50 Mandya, caste, 110 Mang, caste, 11, 24, 25, 85 Manu, Smṛti, 39, 50, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 89, 90 Maoris, social orders among, 130 Maratha, 2, 13, 29, 106, 150 Maratha rule, 11, 12

c22.24

Martin, R. M., on the gradations of caste, 6 Marutta Avikshita, 47 Mastan Brahmins, 100 Matrilineal descent, 118 Matthai, Dr. John, on the village panchayat, 24 Maudgala, Brahmins, mention in an inscription of, 99 Mediterranean race, 114 Megasthenes, 2, 101, 118 Mehtar, caste, 100 Metcalfe, Sir Charles, on solidarity of Indian village, 23, 24 Meo, caste, 100, 113 Middleton, on Government's responsibility for caste propagation, 100 Mina, caste, 29, 100, 113 Missionaries, Christian, 172; Mohammedans, 172 Mochi, Muchi, caste, 32, 96, 99, 109 Modha, caste, mention in Jain inscriptions of, 99 Moger, caste, three sub-divisions of, 37 Mohammedans, 131 Mongolo-Dravidian type, 112, 120, 121 Mongoloid, people, 120 Mongoloid type, 112, 114, 120, 121, 123 Moreland, on castes in Akbar's time, 100 Mṛcchakaṭika, 90 Müller, Professor Max, on the initiation of Śūdra's 56, 57 Munda culture, 117, 118 Munda languages, 117 Munda people, 29, 117, 118, 120 Munda type, 115, 117, 119, 121, 123 Musahar, tribe, 5, 8, 30, 105, 109, 111, 116, 118 Musalmans, 173 Mutiny of 1857, 163, 164; see Indian Mutiny Myras, caste, 8

c22.25

Nabasakh, caste, 8 Nagar Brahmins, 99, 106, 121 Nai, Nhavi, caste, 5, 32, 33, 35, 120; see Barber Naikda, caste, nickname origin of, 30 Namadev, Maratha saint, 94 "Namas" (obeisance), formula, 85 Nambudiri Brahmins, 9, 12, 18, 111, 118, 119 Nārada, Smṛti: on privileges of Brahmins, 83; on succession to property, 87; on pure and impure works, 90

c22.26

Nayaka kings, 96 Nayakars, Naickers, caste, 17 Nayar, caste, 9, 18, 29, 111, 115, 119 Nasal index, 103, 104, 107, 108, etc. Negritos, 112 Nemamavanika, caste, 98 Nesfield, J. C., 101, 157 Nibandha writers, 97 Nīlakaṇṭha, on the caste and Varṇa of litigants, 87 Niṣāda: partiality of Aryans for, 47, 48; degradation of, 74 Non-Brahmins: two divisions of, in Madras, 13, 14, 98; legal dispute between Brahmins and, 43; support to Buddha, 67; saints, 94, 95; scholarships for, 155; special representation in administration, 155, 156, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170; representation in services, 156, 168, 170, 171; anti-Brahmin feeling of, 168, 170 Nordics, 122

c22.27

Oil-pressers, caste, 88 Oraon, caste: ethnic origin of, 29; prevalence of marriage of grandfather with grand-daughter, 117 Origins of caste, 148 Oswalu, caste, 99 Out-castes, 49, 50, 72, 73, 87, 88, 89, 95; in Japan, 129, 130

c22.28

Paes Domingos, on Brahmin traders and cultivators, 100 Paijavana, munificence of, 56 Pākayajñas, 50 Pakhah Rajputs, caste council of, 151 Pallans, caste, 10 Pali texts, 76, 143 Palli, caste, 10, 110 Pan, caste, 109 Pañchagavya, 80, 93 Pañchajanāḥ, 48 Pañchala Brahmins, 110 Pañchamas, 10; see untouchables Pañchaviṃśa Brāhmaṇa: on four orders of society, 40; on extreme sanctity of Brahmin, 42; on capital punishment for Brahmin, 43; on alleged low birth of Vatsa, 44; on main duty of Śūdra, 40 Panchayat (governing body of a caste), 3, 4, 177, 178, 180; offences tried by, 3, 4; punishments awarded by, 4; see Standing councils of caste Panda Brahmins, 100

c22.29

Pāṇḍavas, 81 Pandharpesha, 10 Pāṇini's grammar, 13 Paniyan, caste, 115 Panka, tribe, 30, 37 Paraiyan, caste, 10, 11, 27 Parāśara, Smṛti, 30, 91, 92 Paruśava brothers, 91 Paraśurāma, destruction of Kshatriyas, by, 50, 63, 64, 91, 92 Pardhans, caste, 34, 38 Pardhi, caste, 39 Pariah, caste, 30 Parsis, 156 Parvati temple, 159 Paschatya Vaidika Brahmin, cephalic index of, 107; nasal index of, 107 Pasi, tribe, 29, 106, 107, 109, 116 Patel, V. J., efforts to liberalize marriage law, 153 Pattanulkaran, caste, 29 Puttusalins, caste, 98 Putva, caste, 29 Pulkasa, origin of, 47, 48 Peake, H. J. E., on appearance of Nordics in Asia Minor, 122 Peel, Lord, 163 Persians, 173 Peshwas, diaries of, 12, 25; rule of, 11, 12, 13, 14 Petrie, Sir W. M. Flinders, on social situation in Egypt, 124 Phooley, Jyotirao, revolt against caste, 165, 166, 171 Pod, caste, 109, 120 Pollution by touch, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 73, 89, 95, 106, 174, etc. Polyandry, 21 Potter, caste, 12, 25, 26, 32, 36, 38, 47, 76 Prabhu, Kayasth Prabhu: prohibition of drinks, 5; protest against certain caste-restrictions, 178; right of Vedic rituals, 13, 14 Prarthana Samaj, contrast with Arya Samaj, 165 Pratiloma castes, 50 Pravāhaṇa Jaibāli, philosopher-king, 115 Pre-Dravidian type, 115, 116, 117, 119, 122, 123 Ptolemies, 125 Pulayan, caste, 9 Pulkssa, 61 Purāṇas, 85 Puranic ritual, 13, 85, 95, 167 Purusha-sūkta hymn, four orders of society in, 40 Pyramid age, 124

c22.30

Radhiya Brahmins, mention in an Orissa inscription of, 90 Raghubansi, sub-division of Rajputs, 100 Raja of Satara, diaries of, 25 Rājaśekhara, Brahmin, marriage with a chuhaman lady, 91 Rajbansi Kochh, 109 Rajbansi Maghs, cephalic index of, 120 Rajput, caste, 3, 31, 100, 109, 113, 114, 128, 163, 164 Rāma, 55 Ramadas, 14 Rama Mohan Roy, movement to liberalize religion and caste, 164 Rāmānanda, establishment of new sect by, 93 Rāmānuja, 93, 95; efforts for betterment of untouchables, 95 Rāmāyaṇa, 55, 80 Ramoshi, caste, 30 Ranade, M. G.: sympathy with Phooley, 166; expiatory rites by, 174 Rathakāra, high status of, 47; degradation of, 74 Reddys, caste, 17 Reservation of posts in services, 170, 175; see Non-Brahmins Reserved representation, 169; see Non Brahmins and Depressed Classes Richards, F. J., on subcaste as unit of Hindu society, 21 Rigveda, 40, 42, 44, 45, 46, 47, 62, 81 Risley, Sir Herbert, 101, 102, 103, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 119, 121, 157 Roman Church, accommodation of caste in, 164 Roy, S. C. Rai Bahadur, on Oraons, 117 Russell, R. V., on traditional occupations of castes, 17; on subcaste as basis of Indian Society, 21

c22.31

Sad-gop, caste, 109 Sadh, caste, 29 Saints of Mahārāshṭra, 93, 94, 95 Śaivism, 94 Sakais, 117 Sale, caste, 96, 121 Saliyans, caste, 98 Samhitās, 39 Samoans, sin classes of, 130 Samurai, privileges of, 129, 130 Samvarta, Smṛti, on pollution of water, 89 Sanadhya Brahmins, 16 Santal, tribe, 29, 115, 118

c22.32

Santanu, marriage with fisherman's daughter, 80 Sarasvat Brahmins: divisions of, 10; territorial derivation of, 31 Sasanian period, 127 Satapatha Brāhmaṇa, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46 Sat-Śūdra, 8, 83, 85, 92 Satyakāma, Jābāla, 43 Satyashodhaka Samaj, the aims of, 105 Satyavati, low family of, 80, 81 Saurāṣṭras, corporation of warriors, occupations of, 75 Savaras, caste, Mongoloid origin of, 120 Schoff, Dr., 122 Seytho-Dravidian type, 112, 119 Segregation of castes, 10, 11 Seligman, Professor C. J., 148 Semangs, 117 Shāh Nāmah, 127 Shanan, caste, 110 Shanar, caste, 9, 12 Shashan Brahmins, 100 Shenvi Brahmins: prohibition of drinks, 5; physical affinities, 100, 120; nasal index of, 121 Sherring, M. A., 21, 157 Shimpi, caste, 34 Shinde, V. R., efforts in the interests of depressed classes, 172 Śiva-Brahmins, 98 Śivaskandavarman, king of Kanchi, 97 Smith, G. Elliott, 119, 122 Santaku, 58 Solaga, caste, 110 Soma, 53 Sonar, Soni, 2, 29, 160; see Goldsmith Son Koli, caste, 100 Spaniards, 180 Special Marriage Act of, 1872, 152 Special Representation, 173 Śrāddha-dinner, 74, 90, 94 Standing caste councils: offences tried by, 3; punishments awarded by, 4, 20; loss of importance, 150, 151; assumption of new duties by, 177, 178, 179 Steele, Arthur, 4, 5, 150 Sub-castes, 21, 31, 32, 33, 34, 38, etc. Sudās, 62 Śūdra, 7, 8, 10, 13, 14, 17, 19, 24, 25, 40, 41, 46, 48, 49, 50, 51, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 77, 78, 79, 80, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 152, 165, 182, 183; subcastes in Bengal, 8; disqualification for sacrifice and sacraments, 41, 55, 56; duties and occupations, 46, 74, 75, 76, 89, 90, 92, 93, 96; origin, 40; illicit connection between Āryan male and Śūdra female, 48, 49; debarred from initiation, 51; degradation of, 55, 56, 57, 58, 83, 84, 93; adultery of Śūdra male with Ārya female, 58; Sat, 89, 85, 92; Puranic rites, 84, 85, 95; and Pañchagavya, 89, 93; saints, 93, 94, 95 Śukranīti: on suitability of "namas" formula for Śūdras, 85; on issue of mixed marriage, 86 Sumerians, 125 Sumitrā, 50 Sūta, caste, 50 Sutar, caste, 2, 25, 29, 32 Sutradhar, caste, 98 Sūtras, 72 Sutta Nipāta, story of Bāvari in, 143 Syavasva, 44

c22.33

Tachchan, caste, occupational origin of, 29 Tagore, Devendranath, movements to liberalize religion and caste, 164 Tahitian society, divisions of, 130 Taittirīya Saṃhitā: origin of four classes in, 40; greatest ambition of Vaiśya in, 45 Tambat, caste, occupational origin of, 29 Tāmbulika, caste, 98 Tamil Brahmins, 110 Tanti caste, occupational origin of, 29 Turkian, occupational origin of, 29 Tawney, R. H., on class status and inequality, 62 Teli-Baniyas, caste, 34 Teli-kalars, caste, 84 Telis (oil-pressers), caste, 26, 36, 100 Thakkar, A. V., services in the cause of untouchables, 172 Tharu, tribe, 100 Thathera, caste, occupational origin of, 29 Theodosian code, compulsion to follow hereditary occupation, 132 Thurston, E., 103 Tiyan, caste, 9, 13, 14, 30, 90, 111, 119 Toda, tribe, 110, 123

c22.34

Togata, caste, 110 Toreya, caste, 110 Tukaram, Maratha saint, 94 Turko-Iranian type, 112 Twice-born castes, 7, 50, 57, 86

c22.35

Untouchables, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 95, 142, 153, 156, 161, 166, 172, 173, 174, 183, 186; *see* Depressed classes Untouchability, 10, 11, 49, 95, 172, 183, etc.; *see* Pollution by touch Upanishads, theorizing of, 66 Usanas, Smṛti: on classification of Śūdras, 85; on movements of Caṇḍāla in a city, 89

c22.36

Vaidya, caste, 32 Vaina, mixed caste, 61 Vaiṣṇavism: devotional sect, inferiority of Śūdra in, 93; spiritual betterment of Śūdra in, 94 Vaiśya, 30, 40, 41, 45, 49, 50, 51, 59, 60, 61, 69, 70, 71, 74, 75, 77, 78, 80, 86, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 96, 144, 145, 146, 182; debarred from kingship, 40; approximation to Śūdras, 59, 60, 86, 92; duties and occupations of, 74, 75, 92, 96; marriage among, 77, 80 Vakkaliga, caste, 28, 110, 121 Vallave (herdsmen) caste, mention in Prakrit inscription of, 97 Vani, caste, 2, 28, 32 Vanika, caste, 98 Varna-dharma, 49, 50 Varṇas, 41, 49, 51, 53, 54, 59, 61, 68, 69, 71, 82, 83, 90, 96, 97

c22.37

Varna-saṅkara (mixture of castes), prevention of, 50 Vasiṣṭha, sage, rivalry with Viśvāmitra, 44, 62, 63 Vasiṣṭha, Dharma Sūtra, 46, 51, 52, 53, 55, 59, 70, 72, 77, 78 Vatsa, low origin of, 44 Vedavyāsa, Smṛti, on outcasts, 89 Vedic ritual, great sanctity of, 13 Vellal, caste, 17, 21, 26, 28, 96, 110, 119 Vellalan, caste, 98 Venkayya, on names of individuals in South Indian inscription, 98 Vidur, caste, 31 Village-councils, inclusion of all castes in, 24 Viṣṇu, Smṛti, 39, 83, 86, 87, 88 Viśvakarmans, caste, 107 Viśvāmitra, rivalry with Vasiṣṭha, 44, 62, 63 Vṛddhahārīta, Smṛti, on pollution by contact, 98 Vyādha, episode of, 62

c22.38

Washermen, caste, 10, 26, 88, 89, 172; importance of, at Kunbi-wedding, 20 Western type, 115, 119, 120, 123 White Huns, 118 Widow remarriage, 150, 151 Widow-remarriage Act, 150 Woolley, C. L., on Sumerian class-system, 120

c22.39

Yājñavalkya, Smṛti, 85, 86, 87, 89, 97 Yajurveda, 43, 47 Yāska, 44

c22.40

Zarathushtra, 127

c22.41

Printed in Great Britain by Stephen Austin & Sons, Ltd., Hertford.

c22.42

*Fifty volumes are now available*

c22.43

THE HISTORY OF CIVILIZATION

c22.44

A COMPLETE HISTORY OF MANKIND FROM PREHISTORIC TIMES TO THE PRESENT DAY IN NUMEROUS VOLUMES DESIGNED TO FORM A COMPLETE LIBRARY OF SOCIAL EVOLUTION

c22.45

Edited by C. K. OGDEN *of Magdalene College, Cambridge*

c22.47

Published by KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & CO., Ltd. BROADWAY HOUSE: 68-74, CARTER LANE, LONDON

c22.48

THE HISTORY OF CIVILIZATION

c22.49

THIS series marks one of the most ambitious adventures in the annals of book publishing. Its aim is to present in accessible form the results of modern research throughout the whole range of the Social Sciences—to summarize in one comprehensive synthesis the most recent findings of historians, anthropologists, archæologists, sociologists, and all conscientious students of civilization.

c22.50

To achieve success in this stupendous undertaking, the new French series, *L'Evolution de l'Humanité*, in which the leading savants of France are collaborating with the Director of the Bibliothèque de Synthèse Historique, M. Henri Berr, is being incorporated. Distinguished historians, both European and American, are contributing volumes in their several departments.

c22.51

The field has been carefully mapped out, as regards both subjects and periods; and, though the instalments will be published as they are ready, the necessary chronological sequence will be secured by the fact that the volumes of the French collection will be used as a nucleus. Each work will be entirely independent and complete in itself, but the volumes in a given group will be found to supplement one another when considered in relation to a particular subject or period.

c22.52

The volumes are uniformly bound in a fine art-cambric cloth, with specially designed gold lettering and emblem, royal octavo in size.

c22.53

THE TIMES LITERARY SUPPLEMENT devoted a leading article to the first four volumes, in which the series was described as being "composed by all the talents".

c22.54

THE MANCHESTER GUARDIAN wrote that "it is an heroic attempt, which will be sympathetically watched, to bring some light into the vast mass of ill-organized knowledge which we owe to modern research and so make it available in the end for the guidance of the world."

c22.55

NATURE, the leading scientific journal, in a six-column review, provides a striking summary of the aims and objects of the series: "The History of Civilization promises to be perhaps the most important contribution so far undertaken towards the task of organization and systematization of the social studies. A glance at the prospectus makes us anticipate a library of masterpieces, for the best workers of France, Great Britain, and some other countries are contributing from their own speciality and are attempting to bring it into line with the contributions from neighbouring fields and with the results of general sociology. Including all the volumes of the important French collection, *L'Evolution de l'Humanité*, the English library contains additions and improvements which will place it above its continental counterpart. The volumes already issued bear out our best hopes."

c22.56

The following plan, comprising just under one hundred titles, though not definitive, will serve to convey a general notion of the nature and scope of the enterprise :*

c22.57

A. PRE-HISTORY AND ANTIQUITY

c22.58

I INTRODUCTION AND PRE-HISTORY •Social Organization *W. H. R. Rivers* The Earth Before History *Edmond Perrier* Prehistoric Man *Jacques de Morgan* •Life and Work in Prehistoric Times *G. Renard* •The Dawn of European Civilization *V. Gordon Childe* Language: a Linguistic Introduction to History *J. Vendryes* A Geographical Introduction to History *L. Febvre* Race and History *E. Pittard* •The Aryans *V. Gordon Childe* From Tribe to Empire *A. Moret and G. Davy* •Money and Monetary Policy in Early Times *A. R. Burns* •Woman's Place in Simple Societies *J. L. Myres* •Cycles in History *J. L. Myres* •The Diffusion of Culture *G. Elliot Smith*

c22.59

II THE EARLY EMPIRES The Nile and Egyptian Civilization *A. Moret* The Mesopotamian Civilization *L. Delaporte* The Ægean Civilization *G. Glotz*

c22.60

III GREECE The Formation of the Greek People *A. Jardé* •Ancient Greece at Work *G. Glotz* The Religious Thought of Greece *C. Sourdille* Art in Greece *W. Deonna and A. de Ridder* Greek Thought and the Scientific Spirit *L. Robin* The Greek City and its Institutions *G. Glotz* Macedonian Imperialism *P. Jouguet*

c22.61

IV ROME Primitive Italy and Roman Imperialism *Léon Homo* The Roman Spirit in Religion, Thought, and Art *A. Grenier* Roman Political Institutions *Léon Homo* Rome the Law-Giver *J. Declareuil* Economic Life of the Ancient World *J. Toutain* The Roman World | Victor Chapot •Ancient Rome at Work | Paul Louis The Celts | H. Hubert V BEYOND THE ROMAN EMPIRE Germany and the Roman Empire | H. Hubert Ancient Persia and Iranian Civilization | Clement Huart The Civilization of China | M. Granet The Religion of China | M. Granet •Feudal Japan | G. F. Hudson •A Thousand Years of the Tartars | E. H. Parker •Nomads of the European Steppe | G. F. Hudson India | (Ed.) S. Lévi •The Heroic Age of India | N. K. Sidhanta •Caste and Race in India | G. S. Ghurye •The Life of Buddha as Legend and History | E. H. Thomas •The History of Buddhism | E. H. Thomas

c22.62

∗ An asterisk denotes that the volume does not form part of the French collection *L'Evolution de l'Humanité*.

c22.63

B. CHRISTIANITY AND THE MIDDLE AGES I THE ORIGINS OF CHRISTIANITY Israel and Judaism | A. Lods Jesus and the Birth of Christianity | C. Guignebert The Formation of the Church | C. Guignebert The Advance of Christianity | C. Guignebert •History and Literature of Christianity | P. de Labriolle II THE BREAK-UP OF THE EMPIRE The End of the Ancient World | F. Lot The Eastern Empire | C. Diehl Charlemagne | L. Halphen The Collapse of the Carlovingian Empire | F. Lot The Origins of the Slavs | (Ed.) P. Boyer •Popular Life in the East Roman Empire | Norman Baynes •The Northern Invaders | B. S. Phillpotts III RELIGIOUS IMPERIALISM Islam and Mahomet | E. Doutté The Advance of Islam | L. Barrau-Dihigo Christendom and the Crusades | P. Alphandéry The Organization of the Church | R. Genestal IV THE ART OF THE MIDDLE AGES The Art of the Middle Ages | P. Lorquet •The Papacy and the Arts | E. Strong V RECONSTITUTION OF MONARCHIC POWER The Foundation of Modern Monarchies | C. Petit-Dutaillis The Growth of Public Administration | E. Meynial The Organization of Law | E. Meynial VI SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC EVOLUTION The Development of Rural and Town Life *G. Bourgin* Maritime Trade and the Merchant Gilds *P. Boissonnade* *The Court of Burgundy *Otto Cartellieri* *Life and Work in Medieval Europe *P. Boissonnade* *The Life of Women in Medieval Times *Eileen Power* *Travel and Travellers of the Middle Ages *(Ed.) A. P. Newton* *Chivalry and its Historical Significance *(Ed.) Edgar Prestage*

c22.64

VII INTELLECTUAL EVOLUTION Education in the Middle Ages *G. Huisman* Philosophy in the Middle Ages *E. Bréhier* Science in the Middle Ages *Abel Rey and P. Boutroux*

c22.65

VIII FROM THE MIDDLE AGES TO MODERN TIMES Nations of Western and Central Europe *P. Lorquet* Russians, Byzantines, and Mongols *(Ed.) P. Boyer* The Birth of the Book *G. Renaudet* *The Grandeur and Decline of Spain *C. Hughes Hartmann* *The Influence of Scandinavia on England *M. E. Seaton* *The Philosophy of Capitalism *T. E. Gregory* *The Prelude to the Machine Age *Mrs. Bertrand Russell* *Life and Work in Modern Europe *G. Renard and G. Weulersse* *London Life in the Eighteenth Century *M. Dorothy George* *China and Europe in the Eighteenth Century *A. Reichwein*

c22.66

A special group of volumes will be devoted to

c22.67

(1) SUBJECT HISTORIES *The History of Medicine *C. G. Cumston* *The History of Witchcraft *Montague Summers* *The Geography of Witchcraft *Montague Summers* *The History of Money *T. E. Gregory* *The History of Taste *J. Isaac* *The History of Oriental Literature *E. Powys Mathers* *The History of Music *Cecil Gray*

c22.68

(2) HISTORICAL ETHNOLOGY *The Ethnology of Africa *L. H. Dudley Buxton* *The Peoples of Asia *L. H. Dudley Buxton* *The Threshold of the Pacific *C. E. Fox* *The South American Indians *Rafael Karsten* *The American Indian Frontier *J. G. Macleod* *The Ethnology of India *T. C. Hodson*

c22.69

In the Sections devoted to MODERN HISTORY the majority of titles will be announced later.

c22.70

VOLUMES PUBLISHED

c22.71

The following volumes have already been issued. They are arranged roughly in the order in which they were published. But their place in the scheme of the whole series may be discovered from the list above:

c22.72

THE EARTH BEFORE HISTORY: Man's Origin and the Origin of Life

c22.73

By EDMOND PERRIER, late Hon. Director of the Natural History Museum of France. With 4 maps, 15s. net.

c22.74

"It goes back to the birth of the world and the transformations of land and water, and takes us through the growth of life on the planet, the primitive animal forms, the peopling of the seas, and the forms of life in the primary, secondary, and tertiary periods, to the growth of the human form. Thus, starting from the origin of matter, it leads us in easy stages to *homo sapiens* himself."
*Daily News.*

c22.75

"A remarkable volume."—*Yorkshire Post.*

c22.76

PREHISTORIC MAN: A General Outline of Prehistory

c22.77

By JACQUES DE MORGAN, late Director of Antiquities in Egypt. With 190 illustrations and maps, 12s. 6d. net.

c22.78

"A notable and eminently readable study in the early history of civilization, and one well worth its place in the great series now being issued by the publishers. It bears on every page the impress of the personality of its author, who strives to give the reader a clear, composite picture of early civilization taking one topic after another."—*Nation.*

c22.79

"A masterly summary of our present knowledge at a low price. As a full survey the book has no rival, and its value is enhanced by the lavish illustrations."
*New Leader.*

c22.80

SOCIAL ORGANIZATION

c22.81

By W. H. R. RIVERS, LL.D., F.R.S. Preface by PROFESSOR G. ELLIOT SMITH. Second edition, 10s. 6d. net.

c22.82

"*Social Organization* is the first volume of the series of historical works on the whole range of human activity. May the present book be of good augury for the rest! To maintain so high a standard of originality and thoroughness will be no easy task."—JANE HARRISON, in *Nation.*

c22.83

"The book is a great contribution to the sum of human knowledge in the region of pure sociology."—*Daily News.*

c22.84

THE THRESHOLD OF THE PACIFIC: *an Account of the Social Organization, Magic, and Religion of the People of San Cristoval in the Solomon Islands* By C. E. FOX, LITT.D. *Preface by* PROFESSOR G. ELLIOT SMITH. With 14 plates and 40 text illustrations, 18s. net.

c22.85

"A masterpiece. One of the very best contributions to ethnology we possess. It has, besides its intrinsic value as a masterly record of savage life, also an indirect one; it is a remarkable testimony to the indispensable need of scientific method for the observer. His account of magical ritual and spells will become a classical source for students. The account of the life-history of the individual is depicted with a clearness and fulness unrivalled in ethnographic literature . . ." *Times Literary Supplement.*

c22.86

LANGUAGE: *a Linguistic Introduction to History* By J. VENDRYES, *Professor in the University of Paris.* 16s. net.

c22.87

"A book remarkable for its erudition and equally remarkable for originality and independence of thought."—*Sunday Times.*
"As an introduction to philology this volume is a splendid piece of *haute vulgarisation*, for which anyone who at all loves words or who is at all curious about language, must be grateful. It covers nearly all the ground from every useful angle. A wide, level-headed and erudite study."—*Nation.*

c22.88

A GEOGRAPHICAL INTRODUCTION TO HISTORY By LUCIEN FEBVRE, *Professor in the University of Strasburg.* With 7 maps, 16s. net.

c22.89

"A masterpiece of criticism, as witty as it is well-informed, and teeming with nice observations and delicate turns of argument and phrase."
*Times Literary Supplement.*
"A broad, clear-headed introduction to the fascinating study of human geography. It is much more than a text-book for the student: it is a work that anyone with no knowledge of geography can read with avidity, for it is the greatest of pleasures to watch the clear logical thought of the writer rapidly treating with masterly power these great and important topics."—*Nation.*

c22.90

THE HISTORY AND LITERATURE OF CHRISTIANITY: *from Tertullian to Boethius* By PIERRE DE LABRIOLLE, *Professor of Literature at the University of Poitiers. Foreword by* CARDINAL GASQUET. 25s. net.

c22.91

"A masterly volume. A scholar of the finest accomplishment, an enthusiast for his subject, and himself an artist in letters, he has produced a book comprehensive and authoritative, and also a joy to read from the first page to the last."
*Universe.*
"This interesting and valuable book."—W. L. COURTNEY, in *Daily Telegraph.*

c22.92

LONDON LIFE IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY *By M. DOROTHY GEORGE.* Second impression. With 8 plates, 21s. net. "Mrs. George, by her cumulative method, imparts a shuddering impression of the brutalised life led by the masses under the first two Georges. Her work is full of eloquent detail. All who like to get at close quarters with history will feel immensely debtors to her industrious research and faculty of clear statement. And she will have the satisfaction of restoring faith to many minds in the reality of progress."—*Observer.* "One of the best pieces of research in social and economic history which have appeared for many years."—*Nation.*

c22.93

A THOUSAND YEARS OF THE TARTARS *By E. H. PARKER, Professor of Chinese in the Victoria University of Manchester.* With 5 illustrations and maps, 12s. 6d. net "Professor Parker takes us back to a period roughly contemporaneous with that of the foundation of the Roman empire, and shows their history to be, like that of the Northern barbarians and Rome, a constant struggle with China. With an unfamiliar subject the book is not an easy one to read, but the author has done all that was possible to enliven his subject and has certainly succeeded in giving us a most valuable text-book."—*Saturday Review.*

c22.94

CHINA AND EUROPE: *their Intellectual and Artistic Relations in the Eighteenth Century* *By ADOLPH REICHWEIN.* With 24 plates, 12s. 6d. net. "Among the volumes of the monumental History of Civilization, this study of the influence of Chinese art and thought on the European art and thought of the eighteenth century will find not the least popular and distinguished place. The chapter headed 'Rococo' will be of especial interest to connoisseurs. . . The illustrations are numerous and beautiful."—*Sunday Times.* "A fascinating subject. The references to literature are admirably full and complete."—*Times Literary Supplement.*

c22.95

THE DAWN OF EUROPEAN CIVILIZATION *By V. GORDON CHILDE, B LITT.* Second Impression. With 198 illustrations and 4 maps, 16s net. "Higher praise of Mr. Childe's book, which forms a volume of the monumental History of Civilization could scarcely be given than to say that it is in all respects worthy of the volumes which preceded it."—*Sunday Times.* "He has done a very great service to learning, and given a clear and reliable outline of the earliest civilization of Europe. His book 'fills a gap' indeed."—*Nation.* "A very fine piece of work."—*Manchester Guardian.*

c22.96

MESOPOTAMIA: the Babylonian and Assyrian Civilization By L. DELAPORTE, Professor in the Catholic Institute of Paris. With 60 illustrations and maps, 16s. net.

c22.97

"This book is for the most part very good. The author has handled his difficult material cleverly. Where he succeeds is in his admirably written description of the social life, of which he makes a fascinating story. Here is presented an entertaining picture of the inhabitants in 2000 B.C. Then from the earlier Babylonians he passes to the Assyrians, dealing with them in a similar excellent way. This is one of the best books of its kind which we have seen for some time."—*Times Literary Supplement*.

c22.98

THE AEGEAN CIVILIZATION By G. GLOTZ, Professor of Greek History in the University of Paris With 4 plates, 87 text illustrations, and 3 maps, 16s. net.

c22.99

"This is a marvellous summary, divided into four books, describing in detail the material, social, religious, artistic and intellectual life of the people. Every one of these sections is full of interesting and new knowledge. A wonderful book, thoroughly scholarly and attractive in presentation."—*Birmingham Post*.

c22.100

"Reads like a romance . . . presents a very vivid picture of this marvellous civilization."—*Times Literary Supplement*.

c22.101

THE PEOPLES OF ASIA By L. H. DUDLEY BUXTON, M.A., F.S.A., Lecturer in Physical Anthropology in the University of Oxford With 8 plates, 12s. 6d. net.

c22.102

"Although the physical characters of the principal racial strains are described in some detail, the author keeps before his readers the bearing of these data upon the broader problems of racial distribution, as well as the intensely interesting question of the interaction of race, environment, and modification by contact due to migration. The exposition of anthropological method given in an introductory chapter is admirably lucid."—*Manchester Guardian*.

c22.103

RACE AND HISTORY: an Ethnological Introduction to History By E. PITTARD, Professor of Anthropology in the University of Geneva. Second Impression. With 9 illustrations and maps, 21s. net.

c22.104

A companion to Febvre's *Geographical Introduction to History*, which estimated the value of "environment" as a factor in history, while the present volume considers the "racial" factor. "No one is better qualified to compose a thoroughly level-headed treatise on the subject of race. For the peoples who occupy a conspicuous place in history, and especially the peoples of Europe, no better guide could be found."—*Times Literary Supplement*.

c22.105

LIFE AND WORK IN MEDIEVAL EUROPE, from the Fifth to the Fifteenth Century By P. BOISSONNADE, Professor in the University of Poitiers. Translated with an Introduction by EILEEN POWER, D.Lit. With 8 plates, 16s. net. "His work is so interesting that it is to be hoped he will follow Sir James Frazer's admirable example and take each chapter in turn for the purpose of converting its highly concentrated essence of history into a more ample dish for scholars. His subject is attractive and his pages are eminently readable by laymen."—Times Literary Supplement. "There is no book in English which gives so clear and comprehensive a view of the labour question all through the Middle Ages. Readers will find no single volume so useful and so readable as this."—G. G. COULTON, in Observer.

c22.106

LIFE AND WORK IN MODERN EUROPE, from the Fifteenth to the Eighteenth Century By G. RENARD, Professor at the College of France, and G. WEULERSSE, Professor at the Lycée Carnot. Introduction by EILEEN POWER, D. Lit., Reader in Economic History in the University of London. With 8 plates, 16s. net. "This can certainly be pronounced a most useful book. There is nothing that covers anything like the same ground, indeed, there is actually no book in English which even pretends to give an outline of European economic history as a whole. It is interestingly written, and is a storehouse of valuable information."—New Statesman.

c22.107

TRAVEL AND TRAVELLERS OF THE MIDDLE AGES Edited by A. P. NEWTON, Rhodes Professor of Imperial History in the University of London. With 8 plates and maps, 12s. 6d. net. "This work is no mere collection of stray essays, but in some respects the most important contribution to the history of medieval travel since Professor Beazley's Dawn of Modern Geography and the new edition of Yule's Cathay. . . . We have said enough to indicate that this work is one which should appeal both to the general reader and to the scholar. The illustrations are good."—Times Literary Supplement.

c22.108

CHIVALRY: Its Historical Significance and Civilizing Influence Edited by EDGAR PRESTAGE, Camoens Professor in the University of London. With 24 full-page plates, 15s. net. "This is an excellent book, at once learned and entertaining, a valuable addition to our painfully limited library of medieval studies. The book is worth having, and there is an abundance of beautiful illustrations."—Daily News. "An equally interesting and beautiful volume, a piece of work which appeals alike to the general reader and to the specialist in history."—Journal of Education.

c22.109

ANCIENT GREECE AT WORK : *an Economic History of Greece from the Homeric Period to the Roman Conquest* By G. GLOTZ, *Professor of Greek History in the University of Paris.* With 49 illustrations, 16s. net. "This is a learned but thoroughly interesting description of farming, industry, and business in general in ancient Greece, and should interest the student of economics as well as the classical scholar, since it shows practices developing from their simplest form. Besides giving hard economic facts the author makes interesting remarks on the Greek attitude to slaves, to foreigners, and to labour. This is a very readable and unusual book."—*Spectator.* "A really fascinating economic history of the Greek people."—*New Leader.*

c22.110

THE FORMATION OF THE GREEK PEOPLE By A. JARDÉ, *Professor of History at the Lycée Lakanal.* With 7 maps, 16s. net. "One reader at least will tell the world he has enjoyed the book, has profited by it, and is not yet done with it; he means to use it again, and meanwhile ventures to tell others interested that this is a book for them."—*Nation.* "He has given his readers an analysis of the course of events in the various City states in their external relations *inter se* and with other peoples, of their political, social, and intellectual development, of Hellenic expansion and of Hellenic unity, which is little short of brilliant."—*Nature.*

c22.111

THE ARYANS : *a Study of Indo-European Origins* By V. GORDON CHILDE, *B.Litt.* With 8 plates, 28 text illustrations, and a map, 10s. 6d. net. "Mr. Childe has followed up his interesting book, *The Dawn of European Civilization*, with another archaeological study not less scholarly and sound. By a joint use of philological deduction and archaeological induction, he contrives a thoroughly scientific handling of the problem."—*Times Literary Supplement.* "Here is a book that must be of perennial interest, for it covers the whole field to the time of writing, and is precisely what a work dealing with problems of enormous intricacy should be."—*New Statesman.*

c22.112

FROM TRIBE TO EMPIRE : *Social Organization among the Primitives and in the Ancient East* By A. MORET, *Professor in the University of Paris, and G. DAVY, of the University of Dijon.* With 47 illustrations and 7 maps, 16s. net. "The object of the authors of this valuable addition to the series is to demonstrate how Empires grew from the primitive totemistic clan. Leaving M. Davy's excited, learned, and highly controversial dissertation on primitive society for M. Moret's calm review of the history of the Ancient East is like passing from storm into quiet. M. Moret's story remains the most lucid and satisfactory general survey of the Ancient East that has yet appeared. It is the very romance of history, and he would be dull indeed who did not find recreation and delight in these stirring pages."—*New Statesman.*

c22.113

THE HISTORY OF MEDICINE, *from the time of the Pharaohs to the end of the Eighteenth Century* *By C. G. CUMSTON, M.D.* *With 24 plates, 16s. net.* "Will be an invaluable source of reference to those who wisely remain students all their days. Beginning with the first dynasty of the Pharaohs, the ideas and the personalities of medicine are described in a manner which compels wonder for the amount of literary research, thought, and time which must have been devoted to its construction."—*British Medical Journal.* "The book should be as interesting to the general public as to the doctors."—*Sunday Times.*

c22.114

THE HISTORY OF WITCHCRAFT AND DEMONOLOGY *By MONTAGUE SUMMERS, editor of Congreve, Wycherley, etc.* *With 8 full-page plates, 12s. 6d. net.* "Mr. Summers has just the literary style to do justice to the stewing of witches' broth or the licentious dancing of the Sabbat. This book is one of the most masterly products of psychological-historical literature; and one feels that the editor of this learned series was perfectly justified in including in it such a storehouse of facts. Mr. Summers has our hearty thanks. His book is enthralling."—*Outlook.* "No more learned, no more copiously documented work on the subject has seen the light for a long while."—*Birmingham Post.*

First 113 of 169 passages. Read on