Life in Ancient India as Depicted in the Jain Canons, with Commentaries: An Administrative, Economic, Social and Geographical Survey c7.s6.t6.2

c7.s6.t6.2

⁶⁵ According to Jain tradition during the first era the punishment was of a mild character. The first two Kulakaras established the ‘hakkāra’ (expression of regret), then came ‘makkāra’ (prohibition), then was established the punishment of ‘dhikkāra’ (reproach)—dhigdaṇḍa and vāgdaṇḍa are also mentioned in the Yājñavalkya smṛti, I, 13, 367 Then it is said that Ṛṣabhadeva, the first Tīrthaṅkara introduced the punishment of confinement to a particular area (maṇḍalabandha) After that Bharata is said to have introduced caraka or imprisonment and chaviccheya or mutilation of hand, foot and nose etc (Jambu. Sū., 2, 29; Ṭhā., 7. 557).