Life in Ancient India as Depicted in the Jain Canons, with Commentaries: An Administrative, Economic, Social and Geographical Survey c8.s2.3

c8.s2.3

A distinction is made between *juddha* and *sangāma*. In the former there was no order in fighting, while in the latter battle formations were used (*vūha*).⁴⁸ The *sagadavūha* (waggon array) and *garudavūha* (eagle array) are mentioned in the *Niryavaliyā*. The army of Cedaga formed the former while that of Kūṇiya the latter.⁴⁹ The *cakka*, *daṇḍa* and *sūci* *vūhas* are also mentioned.⁵⁰ Two types of battles are mentioned: (1) battles in which war-engines were employed (*mahāsilākantaka*),⁵¹ (2) battles in which chariots and pestles were used (*rahamusala*). It is said that in these battles a huge number of people were killed.⁵²