Hindu Polity: A Constitutional History of India in Hindu Times c10.28

c10.28

§ 17. In later times education was separately organised in **Charaṇas**, which were a sort of **Vedic Faculties**. The **Parishad or Convocation of learning** had evidently separated from the general national *Parishad* or *Samiti*. Economic life, similarly, was crystallised in trade-guilds and guildsmerchant whose existence is traced in the Jātakas and Dharma-sūtras. In post-Vedic times, national life thus expresses itself into various self-governing institutions, and, in doing so, it really carries forward the Vedic traditions of communal institutions.