History of Dharmashastra (Ancient and Mediaeval Religious and Civil Law in India) v1.c6.s7.7

v1.c6.s7.7

Each of the two *praśnas* of the Āpastamba-dharma-sūtra is divided into eleven *paṭalas*, there being 32 and 29 *khaṇḍikās* in the two *paṭalas* respectively. The Dharmasūtra is written in a more concise and compact style than that of Baudhāyana and has more archaic and un-Pāṇinean forms than any other extant Dharmasūtra. For example, the following are against the rules of Pāṇini; Adhāsana (for adha āsana) in I. 1. 2. 21, aglāmsnu (I. 2. 3. 22), muhūṁśca (I. 2. 8. 22), agṛhyamāna (I. 4. 12. 8), sarvatopeta (for sarvata upeta) in I. 6. 19. 9, sakhim (for sakhiṁ) in I. 7. 21. 9. Haradatta points out in many places that the current reading was un-Pāṇinean and therefore he read differently (e. g. in II. 2. 5. 2 he reads ‘viprakramaṇa’, while the current reading was ‘viprakramiṇa’)⁸³. This makes it probable that in the original text there must have been many more un-Pāṇinean forms than in the one preserved by Haradatta. There are many unfamiliar or rare words used by Āpastamba, i. e. ananiyoga (I. 6. 19. 12), anaiścārika (I. 8. 22. 1), Kartapatya (I. 2. 5. 3), vyupatoda and vyupajäva (‘-pa’) in I. 2. 8. 15, brahmahasaṁstuta (I. 1. 1. 32). We meet with strange forms of certain words, such as paryānta (I. 3. 9. 21), praśāsta (II. 8. 19. 3), anātyaya (I. 1. 1. 21 for anatyaya), brahmojjham (for -ojjhaḥ) in I. 7. 21. 8, śvāviṭ (I. 5. 17. 37), ṣṭhevana (I. 11. 30. 19 for ṣṭhivana), ācāryadāre (for -dāreṣu) in I. 2. 7. 27. Though the Āp. *Dharmasūtra* is mainly in prose, there are verses here and there. Some of the verses are expressly stated to be taken from other sources by being introduced with the word “udāharanti” or with “athāpyudāharanti” e. g. I. 6. 19. 13 (two ślokas from a Purāṇa), I. 6. 19. 15 (compare Manu 8. 317 and Vas. 19. 44), I. 11. 31. 1, I. 11. 32. 24, II. 4. 9. 13 (two verses, same as Baud. II. 7. 22-23), II. 7. 17. 8, II. 6. 13. 6 (three verses almost the same as in Baud. II. 2. 34-36), II. 9. 23. 4-5 (two ślokas from a Purāṇa). Besides these there are several isolated verses, most of which seem to be quotations, though not introduced with words like "udāharanti". They are I. 4. 14. 25, I. 6. 19. 14 (the first pāda of which is Manu 4. 212), I. 9. 27. 10, I. 9. 27. 11 (same as Baud. II. 1. 42), II. 2. 4. 14 (compare Manu III. 101). Some of these verses are defective in metre, there being nine syllables in one anuṣṭubh pāda as in I. 9. 27. 10, II. 9. 23. 4–5, II. 2. 4. 14. One of the verses is in the classical Upajāti metre (II. 7. 17. 18), while another closely approaches that metre (I. 9. 27. 11). Besides these there are a few half-verses, II. 5. 11. 5-6 (same as latter half of Vanaparva 133. 1), II. 9. 21. 10 (Manu 6. 43 has the first pāda). Thus in all there are about twenty verses, of which at least six occur in Baudhāyana. Some sūtras that are printed as prose are parts of verses, e. g. I. 2. 5. 11. Besides these there are several verses in the paṭalas dealing with metaphysics (I. 8. 22. 4-8 and I. 9. 23. 1-3) that are pieced together largely from Upaniṣad passages. Āpastamba in several places employs the first person plural about himself⁸⁴, e. g. I. 1. 1. 27, I. 8. 22. 3, I. 8. 23. 4. Haradatta points out that in his day there was difference in the text as handed down in Northern and in Southern India.⁸⁵