History of Dharmashastra (Ancient and Mediaeval Religious and Civil Law in India) v4.c63.476

v4.c63.476

⁶²⁴ चतुर्विंशतिरेकनवतिः प्रथमसाहसः । द्विशतं पञ्चशतं चैव मध्यमसाहसः । षट्शतं सहस्रं चोत्तमः । यथासारापकारम् । शङ्खलिखित q. by वि. र. p. 664, दण्डविवेक p. 23. There was great divergence of views about the metal in which the fines were to be paid. According to Vijñāneśvara the figures of fines in such verses as Manu VIII. 378 (where no metal is specified) the *paṇas* are those of copper, while according to Bhāruchi (quoted in S. V. p. 150) they are of gold. The S. V. remarks that local usage is to be followed. The V. Mayūkha (p. 255) states that in all texts (about fines) the mention of a number without specifying the object to which it refers is to be deemed to refer to paṇas, that paṇa is a copper piece one *karṣa* in weight and that karṣa is one fourth of a pala. Bṛ. (q. by Sm. C. II. p. 99) states that the tables in Manu (VIII. 132-136) beginning with the dust particle in a beam and ending with kārṣāpaṇa is to be followed in ordeals and fines. An interesting sidelight is shed on crimes and their punishments in the Inscription of Cālukya Vikramāditya V (dated śake 934) from Gadag which provides that the fines for abuse, assault, for drawing out a dagger, for stabbing and for adultery by a bachelor were respectively 2 panas, 12 panas, 3 gadyāṇas, 12 gadyāṇas and 3 gadyāṇas (vide E. I. vol. 20 p. 64.)