History of Dharmashastra (Ancient and Mediaeval Religious and Civil Law in India) v5.c75.774
History of Dharmaśāstra (Ancient and Mediaeval Religious and Civil Law in India) v5.c75.774
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Prāyaścitta (expiation), see under *brāhmaṇa*, caste, cāndrāyaṇa, incest, *mahāpātakas*, *pātaka*, penance, punishment, sinners, theft, tonsure, touch, adhikārin for 77ff. all persons including even cāṇḍālas are liable to 77-78, amusing examples of mishaps for which p. is provided in Brāhmaṇa texts 58, p. and punishment were same for some misdeeds, such as incest 72, baths with ashes, clay, cowdung, pañcagavya in 124, boy over five and less than eleven years had not to undergo p. personally but through father, brother or the like 78-79; branding on forehead, if p for the first four mahāpātakas not undergone 72; called Sāntapana 118, cases in which both p and punishment were given 72, caste of sinner and of the person sinned against made a difference in p. and punishment 80-81, child less than five years is not liable for any crime or liable to p. according to some 79, conventional meaning of, acc. to the Mitākṣarā 60; consequences of not performing p. for sins 153-154; derivation of the word p 59-60, destroys sins unintentionally committed 61, discriminatory treatment about p. depending on caste gradually became obsolete 82, does not destroy sin intentionally committed but makes the sinner fit for association with others 63, easier p came to be prescribed in course of time 127, ending in death destroys sin 64, ending in death is forbidden in Kali age acc.
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to digests 65, for adultery 43, 111, for brāhmaṇa murder by kṣatriya, vaiśya or śūdra 91, 95, for eating the flesh of certain birds and certain fish was fast for one day or three days 101, for grave sins there was difficult p and easy p. for trivial lapses 84, for *guru talpa-gamana* 103-105, for intentionally committed sin is double of that for unintentional sin 64, 80, 83, for killing any animal other than a cow or bull 110, for particular sins 87-116, for persons kidnapped by mlecchas or raiders, sold or treated as slaves, made to kill cows or eat forbidden food and returning to their own country depended on the caste of the person so treated 117-118, for prakīrṇaka (miscellaneous) lapses 119, for *pratyavasita* (ascetic reverting to the life of an householder) 113, for surāpāna 96-98, for theft of brāhmaṇa's gold of a certain weight or of non-brāhmaṇa's gold 101-102, for unintentional brāhmaṇa murder 92, for thefts of various articles were different 102, for touching certain men, certain unclean objects like bones, women in monthly illness or recently delivered, animals like dogs or crows 114, for upapātakas 84, 107, for woman guilty of adultery 104-105, gift of one, two, three or four cows to be made at the end of each p, acc to the varṇa of the sinner 121, homa to be performed in all p. 120, if not performed for one year, then double p. to be prescribed 75, in cases of sins described as equal to brahmahatyā or surāpāna p. is half of what is prescribed for latter 95;
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in medieval times came to be gifts and dinner to brāhmaṇas 128, is either kratvartha or puruṣārtha 58, is hardly ever performed now except in the form of gifts of cows or money to brāhmaṇas, pilgrimages, recitation of vedic texts or *japa* of the names of a deity 87, Kṛcchra, Atikṛcchra and Cāndrāyaṇa are p prescribed for all sins 84, king's position as to punishment and p in ancient times 71-72, liability to p depended on usages of countries 82, lesser p for abettor or inciter of brāhmaṇa murder than the actual murderer 90; Literature on 77, many p prescribed for grave sins were terrible and were to be self-inflicted 76; mantras to be recited in p. and in beginning and at the completion 124-125; matters to be considered in prescribing p or punishments were the same, viz intention or its absence, first lapse or repeated lapse, time, place, age, caste, learning, wealth, āśrama 75-83, may be administered to śūdra but *without japa and homa* 78; meaning of 57, means also doing something to get rid of the fault arising from some accidental happening or mishap 57, p mentioned in śrauta works are passed over in this volume 58-59, Mitākṣarā solution of conflict about efficacy of p 65, sinner not to ignore pariṣad and not to prescribe p himself 71, numerous prāyaścittas prescribed for same sin in smṛtis 87, pañcagavya to be taken in each p 121, p.
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partakes of the character of naimittika and kāmya actions, 60-61, Pātimokkha meetings of Buddhists 165, pariṣad may prescribe p for lapses for which no particular expiation is prescribed 84; person drinking through ignorance intoxicants, human urine and the like had to undergo p of Tapta-kṛcchra and also punarupanayana if he was dvija 97, persons of different āśramas were prescribed different p. 83, persons over 80 years old and boys less than 16, women and diseased men are liable to only half of ordinary p 79-80, persons who were to resort to secret p. 125, prescribing the giving of cows by Āp, Baud, Manu and Yāj on killing kṣatriya, vaiśya or śūdra explained 71; procedure as prescribed for taking p. after consulting pariṣad has varied in details from time to time 119-121, proper times for performing p 119; purposes of, as conceived by the smṛtis are purging of sin, satisfaction of sinner's mind, admission to intercourse with others 63-64, rahasya (secret) p., rules about 125-126, reason why it should be conceded that sins are destroyed by p 68; recitation of the Gāyatrī verse ten thousand times is p for all sins, acc to Parāśara 84, relation of p to punishment. 69, 71, role of king, king's officers, learned men and sinner in relation to 70-71, same vrata for striking a brāhmaṇa with intention to kill as for brahmahatyā though victim recovers 95, rules as to food and other matters to be observed in p.
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124, severity of, depended on whether the lapse was the first one or was repeated 82-83, should be sought from pariṣad at once after a sinful act 119, slight p could be carried out without informing king 70, smṛtis provide that if a sinner died in the midst of the period for which p. was prescribed he became free from sin here and in next world 83; smṛtis prescribed some terrible p. 126, stages (four) in the matter of expiation 85, śūdras had to take p. without mantras and homa 146, to be moulded on the lines of punishment 75; thirteen p for brāhmaṇa murder 88-93; p. for twelve years had a sliding scale of substitutes in medieval times 128, two forms of the word p. 57, two kinds of, acc to Śabara, in śruti texts 58, two meanings of the word in old Vedic texts 57, varied according to rules for śauca laid down for the several āśramas 83, various kinds of p. prescribed by smṛtis for eating and drinking what ought not be eaten or drunk or for drinking from a cāṇḍāla's pot 99, Vedic indications in support of view that even sins intentionally committed are destroyed by p 62-64, were of two kinds, viz. those undergone openly and those that were undergone secretly 125, when a man attempts suicide by fire, water, poison or the like and is saved or recovers p.
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is for three years 95, when no specific p prescribed for a lapse, then recitation of vedic texts, tapas, fast and gifts may be resorted to 84, when one is bitten by a harlot, a dog, monkey, ass, jackal or the like p is prāṇāyāma 110; whether rules on p were made earlier than the rules about punishments, where the same act is liable to both 69-70, while undergoing p the sinner has to observe certain rules such as ahiṁsā, truthfulness 120-121, 124, women had to take p. without vedic mantras 146