History of Dharmashastra (Ancient and Mediaeval Religious and Civil Law in India) v7.c94.212.5

v7.c94.212.5

The Amarakośa²³³² defines 'yama' as actions that are obligatory (or to be always performed) and that depend upon the body as the means for being carried out, while niyamas are acts that are not obligatory (or not to be continuously engaged in) and that depend (for carrying them out) on means that are outside the body (such as water &c). Śauca (cleanliness) is of two kinds, *bāhya* (of the body effected with water, loose earth, pañcagavya, pure food &c.) and *ābhyantara* (internal or mental). Vide H. of Dh. vol. II. pp. 651–52 and vol. IV. pp. 310–311 for details of the *śauca* of both kinds. A verse of Manu (V. 106) deserves to be noted²³³³ in this connection viz 'of all kinds of śauca the highest is the one that relates to wealth (one must desire wealth without depriving another of his wealth by improper means), that man is *śuci* (pure) who is pure as to wealth and not he who is purified by loose earth and water.' Sūtras 33–34 of pāda II provide that when the practitioner of Yoga is assailed by the outbreak of the fever of perverse thoughts (such as 'I shall kill him who has harmed me', 'I shall tell a lie, I shall appropriate another's wealth, I shall commit adultery with another's wife'), he should revolve in his mind and cultivate the opposites of such thoughts and dwell on the consequences of such thoughts, viz. they cause endless suffering and lack of right knowledge.