History of Dharmashastra (Ancient and Mediaeval Religious and Civil Law in India) v7.c96.s1.53

v7.c96.s1.53

onwards India was being invaded by Persians, Kāmbojas,²⁶¹⁷ Greeks, Scythians (generally held to be the same as Śakas), and people like Pāradas, Pahlavas, Cīnas, Kirātas, Daradas (Dards) and Khaśas emigrated into India. Manu (X. 43-44), after mentioning these and Paundrakas, Odras (Orissa), Dravidas, asserts that these were originally Kṣatriyas but had become Śūdras because the sacraments like Upanayana had ceased among them and because they lost contact with brāhmaṇas. Manu X. 45 shows that in his day there were mixed castes that spoke mleccha tongues and Ārya languages but were treated as dasyus (śūdras). Gautama-dharmaśūtra (IV. 14-17), Manu X. 5-40, Yāj. I. 91-95 and many other works dilate upon the rise of mixed castes from the marriages or unions of men and women of different varṇas and declare how further castes and sub-castes arise from the marriages and unions of men and women belonging to different classes and castes This was called *Varṇasaṁkara* or simply *saṁkara*, about which Arjuna expressed concern (Gītā I. 41-42) and against which the Bhagavad-gītā (III 24-25) inveighs bitterly. It was stated by Gautama (Dh. S. VIII 3) that the prosperity (of the castes and sub-castes), protection and the non-mixture (of varṇas) depend on the king and learned brāhmaṇas. The Nasik Inscription of king Siri Puḷumāyi (E. I. Vol. VIII p. 60 about 130 A. D.) extols the king as having prevented the intermingling of varṇas (Varṇasaṁkara)