Pre-Buddhist India: A Political, Administrative, Economic, Social and Geographical Survey of Ancient India Based Mainly on the Jataka Stories c5.t4.68

c5.t4.68

(a) Khuramāla (b) Aggimāla (c) Dadhimāla (d) Nilakusamāla (e) Nalamāla and (f) Valabhāmukha. Now from the names and the description given in the gāthās, these are clearly identifiable respectively with (a) some portion of the Persian Gulf, perhaps touching the south-eastern end of Arabia (b) the Arabian coast near Aden or some portion of the Somali-land, (c) the Red Sea, (d) Nubia on the N. E. corner of Africa, (e) the canal joining the Red Sea with the Mediterranean and (f) the volcano-sea i.e., some portion of the Mediterranean Sea where volcanoes are still to be seen.¹ Thus it shows the whole sea-route from Broach up to the Mediterranean passing through the Persian, Arabian, and the Red Seas. The trade-relations of India with Babylon, Arabia, Egypt, Greece and South European countries on the Mediterranean are, thus, undeniable.²