Administrative System of the Marathas c30: Index
Administrative System of the Marathas c30
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Index
c30.1
Abul Fazl—on the duties of a revenue collector, 595-596 ; on the system of special rates for some special crops, 611 ; on the assessment of *chachar* land, 613 ; on the assessment of *banjar* land, 613 ; on the duties of the *Patwari* of a village, 615 ; on Akbar's method of enlistment of soldiers in his army, 635 ; on the system of payment in the Mughal army, 636 ; on the Mughal system of branding horses, 642 ; on the duties of the *Kotwal*, 647-648 ; on the Kotwal's responsibility for stolen property, 650 ; on the Mughal system of signing and inspecting state documents, 657-659 ; on the Mughal Karkhanas or royal establishments, 660.
c30.2
Adultery—punishment in Maharashtra under the Peshwas, 387-388 ; and 560-561 ; the sanction of the old Hindu lawgivers like Kautilya, Manu and Apastamba for these punishments, 561-564.;
c30.3
Alberuni—gives an interesting account of the manners and customs of the Hindus and mentions trial by ordeal, 574.
c30.4
Angria—their naval power, 160-161 ; destruction of their fleet by the Peshwa and the English, 162-163 ; 205-206 ; Maratha naval power at its zenith under the Angrias, 434.
c30.5
Annaji Datto—Sachiv ; entrusted with the work of surveying the Konkan, 80-81 ; his principle of assessment, 89.
c30.6
Apastamba—on the duties of village officers, 509 ; on punishment for adultery, 563; on trial by ordeal, 572.
c30.7
Army—organisation of the Maratha army under Shivaji, 127-157 ; forts and strongholds, 127-142 ; cavalry and infantry, 142-149 ; spy system, 145 ; arms and equipments, 145-146 ; the feudal forces of the Maratha watandars, 146-147; Shivaji's system of payment to his soldiers, 147-148; his military regulations and their effects, 149-157; the army of the Peshwa, 439-469; its feudal character, 439-440; foreigners in the Peshwa army 440-451; Darakhdars and the nature of their check on the Saranjamis (feudal sardars), 457; cavalry and infantry under the Peshwas, 450-455; advent of mercenary soldiers and want of discipline, 449-451; the Pendharis, 457; their profession of plunder and depredation 457-458; injuries and harm caused to the people by the Maratha army, 458; system of pay and pension to the army under the Peshwas, 459; forts, 459-461; the artillery, 461-464, change in the character of the Maratha army—defects of the system under the Peshwas, 464-469; system of military intelligence, 469-470; the nature and extent of the survival of the conventional practices and principles of the old Hindu tacticians and theorists in the military organisation of the Marathas : Bargir and Shiledar : system of pension to minor children and widows : the Pendharis and chortas, 548-553; Muhammadan influence on the military organisation : Mansab and Saranjam, method of enlistment : system of payment : Mulukhgiri : reward for military services ; pension : branding of horses : the Shiledars and Pendharis, 632-646.
c30.8
Ashta Pradhan Council—its history, constitution, and functions, 39-46. Ranade's comparison of the Ashta Pradhan council with the Viceroy's Executive council examined, 46-49; duties of the Pradhans, 49-56; addition of the Pratinidhi to the council, 56; Pradhans had under them the Karkhanas and Mahals, 59-61; Pradhans assisted by a staff of eight clerks, 62; weakness of the system ; it required a strong and good ruler, 62-64; its indebtedness in the matter of its reorganisation to the works of old Hindu political thinkers, 488-492; it is not a mere imitation of Shukra's institution, 491-492; Muhammadan influence on Shivaji's organisation of the Ashta Pradhan council, 656-657.
c30.9
Assessment (principle of)—Muhammadan influence on the Maratha principle of assessment, 612-614.
c30.10
Baji Rao I—makes the Peshwa's position superior to that of other councillors, 197-198.
c30.11
Baji Rao II—187, 189; the miserable condition of the imperial Daftar under him, 271; upsets the benevolent revenue system of the Peshwas, 306; its results, *ibid*; his regulations about marriage in the Brahman community, 404-405; strictly forbids exaction of marriage dowry, 415; his consideration for prisoner's health, 420-421; his measures for the improvement of the Maratha police, 430; remarks of Blacker, Prinsep and Tone on the foreign mercenaries in the Maratha army during his reign, 449-451; spends about four lakhs of rupees in Dakshana grants, 471; efficiency of the city police at Poona under him, 523.
c30.12
Bakhars—their utility, 2-5.
c30.13
Balaji Avji—Shivaji's Chitnis or Secretary, 56-57; the duties of his office enumerated by Malhar Ram Rao Chitnis, 57-58; a memorandum enumerating the writing duties of the Chitnis, 65-71; 493.
c30.14
Balaji Baji Rao—198; his partiality towards Brahmans, 289-290; a chart of the rates of mohatarfa during his administration, 322-323; his circular letter on Zakat, 324-325; encouragement to new traders, 333; cases of false complaints in his Diaries, 382-383; his naval policy, 434-435; old manuscripts for his library, 472.
c30.15
Balaji Vishwanath—197; makes the Peshwaship hereditary in his family, *ibid*.
c30.16
Balutas—their perquisites and their antiquity, 521.
c30.17
Baudhayan—551.
c30.18
Bhushan—author of Shiva Raj Bhushan, 8-9.
c30.19
Bigamy and forcible marriage—instances of the above and their punishment, 391-393.
c30.20
Blacker (Lt.-Colonel)—on the total revenue of the Maratha Empire, 343; on foreign mercenaries in the Maratha army, 449-450.
c30.21
Brihaspati—on the procedure in civil suits, 567-568; on the laws of evidence, 569-570; on trial by ordeal, 573.
c30.22
Broughton—on Sindhia's camp, 150; on Maratha army, 156; on Maratha officers' love of bribes, 257-258; on "Dharna," 371; on the Maratha judicial system, 375; on the condition of slaves in Sindhia's territory, 389-390; on the postal system and the system of military intelligence of the Peshwas, 470.
c30.23
Cesses—a list of, 83-88; and their antiquity, 532-539; Muhammadan influence on the imposition of cesses and dues in Maharashtra, 621-630.
c30.24
The Chaugula—his duties, 228.
c30.25
Chauth (and Sardesmukhi)—origin and history of, 111-118; their divisions and sub-divisions, 276-277.
c30.26
Chitragupta—his bakhar an elaboration of Sabhasad's work, 3, 58.
c30.27
Dadaji Konddev—29; his indebtedness to Malik Ambar, 79.
c30.28
Darakhdars—the duties of their office, 259.
c30.29
Dr. Dellon—a French physician, 10; an account of his travels, ibid.
c30.30
Deshmukh and Deshpande—history of their office, 243; their work as friends of the Rayats, 244; their duties, 245-247; their rights and perquisites, 247-251;
c30.31
Dirom (Major)—on the inefficiency of the Maratha artillery, 463-464.
c30.32
Elliot (and Dowson)—their history of India, 10.
c30.33
Elphinstone (M.)—on Maratha camps, 149; on Maratha village communities, 212; on Deshmukhs, 243; on their rights and perquisites, 247-248; on Mamlatdar's sources of profit, 264; on Maratha land revenue system, 305; on Panchayats, 355; on the Maratha judicial system and its defects, 369; his strictures on the judicial system of the Marathas examined, 373-375 and 378; on the comparative absence of crimes in Maharashtra, 378; on prisons, 418; on the efficiency of the Maratha police system, 426; his remarks on the Maratha police, 430; on the efficiency and honesty of the metropolitan police at Poona, 431; maintains a pathshala at Poona for imparting Sanskrit learning out of the Dakshana grant, 471. His estimate of the total revenue of the Maratha Empire, 342-343;
c30.34
Evidence—rules about it in Maharashtra and their antiquity, 358-363; and 568-570.
c30.35
Ferishta—his account of a trial by ordeal, 654-655.
c30.36
Fitzclarence—A Journey through India, 181; on the condition of the Peshwa's territory, 273; on the use of stone as a weapon of defence, 478; his comparison of the Raja of Satara with the *rois faineants* of France and the Peshwas with Mayors of Palace, 478-479.
c30.37
Forbes—On the pomp and luxury of the Maratha army, 465-468; *on Ghasiram's case*, 429-430; his *Oriental Memoirs*, 181, 477; on the system of trial by ordeal under Muhammadan Governments, 653-654.
c30.38
Forrest (Sir G.)—*State Papers*, 182.the *Life of Lord Clive*, 478.
c30.39
Fryer—an English physician and traveller; his account of Shivaji's dominions, 20, 90; his charge against Shivaji's revenue officers, 100-104; his view criticised, 104-106; on Shivaji's army, 140, 155-156; on Shivaji's fleet, 159; on the Maratha officers' inordinate love of presents, 257-258.
c30.40
Gaga Bhatta—author of *Shiva Raj Prashasti*, 7.
c30.41
Gautama—on the king's duty of protecting the castes and orders, 559.
c30.42
Gordon (Captain, William)—on the revenue policy of the Peshwa, 273. On the Peshwa's Factories for manufacturing cannons and cannon balls, 462.
c30.43
Grant (Mr. J.)—his estimate of the total revenue of the Maratha Empire, 342.
c30.44
Grant Duff—Political Agent at Satara; his *History of the Marathas*, 24, 182.
c30.45
Heber (Reginald)—on the character of Maratha peasants, 481; his *Narrative of a Journey,* 481.
c30.46
Hope (Dr.)—on the simplicity of the old Maratha judicial system, 378-379.
c30.47
Imperial Secretariat—its organisation and sub-departments, 267-271.
c30.48
Irvine (William)—*The Army of the Indian Moghuls*, 477; on the Mughal practice of rewarding soldiers for military services, 639-640; on the constitution of the Mughal army, 643; on the constitution of the Maratha army, 644; on the Bidaris in the Mughal forces, 645.
c30.49
Jagdales—their family hitsory, 30-33.
c30.50
Jai Shingh—183.
c30.51
Jamenis—the duties of his office, 260-261.
c30.52
Jedhe Yanehe Shakavali—6.
c30.53
Jedhes (of Rohidkhore)—their history and their family quarrels, 33-34.
c30.54
Jenkins—on the condition of slaves at Nagpur, 390; his *Report on the Territories of the Rajah of Nagpore*, 181; on the political independence of the Bhonsla rulers of Nagpur, 479-480; on the character of Maratha peasants, 481.
c30.55
Jervis—his *Geographical and Statistical memoir of the Konkun*, 21; its value, 21-22; on Shivaji's land survey, 90-93.
c30.56
Judicial System: (see under Shivaji and under the Peshwa) its antiquity; its basis on the old Hindu institutions, 554-579.
c30.57
Kamavisdar and Mamlatdar—the history of their office, 252; their pay, 253-56; their duties, 257-258; the system of beheda and vasad—a check on the Kamavisdar and Mamlatdar, 263-265; the system of their transfer from one district to another, 265-266; their office—a link between the local authorities and the central Government, 266; instructions to Kamavisdars and Mamlatdars at the time of their appointment, 278-280.
c30.58
Karkhanas (and Mahals)—their organisation 494-495; their antiquity 496-497; probable Muhammadan influence on their organisation, 659-660; a description of the Shikarkhana of the Second Madhav Rao, 660-661.
c30.59
Kauls—the indebtedness of the Marathas to the Mughals for this excellent practice of granting Kauls to frightened peasants 620-621.
c30.60
Kautilya—on the council of ministers 488-489; on the official duties of a Lekhaka, 493; on the duties of superintendents of different departments, 496-497; on the construction of a capital town, 500; on the duties and responsibilities of the village headman, 510; on the duties of the examiner of coins, 513-514; on the king's taxes from villages, 516-517; on the duties of the Nagaraka (the head of the city police) 523-524; on the duties of the Gopa (village accountant), 526-527; on road cess, 534; on military cess, 534-535; on oil cess, etc., 535; on octroi duties, 539; on the encouragement of agriculture 543; on the improvement of irrigation facilities and the reclamation of waste lands, 544; on the duties of the superintendent of commerce, 546-547; on the appointment of many officers with each military unit, 549; on the system of granting pension, to minor children and widows of fallen soldiers, 550; recommends the use of brave thieves and wild tribes in war, 551; on the system of punishing the offenders' relatives, 558; on punishments for adultery, 561-562; on the rights of slaves, 565; on the rules about evidence, 568-569.
c30.61
Kayastha Prabhunche Bakhar—5.
c30.62
Kennedy—(Pringle)—his *History of the Great Moghuls*, 25, 76-77.
c30.63
Khafi Khan—10; on the taxes and cesses prohibited by Aurangzib, 626.
c30.64
Khando Ballal—4.
c30.65
Kincaid—his *History of the Maratha People*, 25.
c30.66
Kotwal—the antiquity of his office and duties, 522-523; efficiency of the city police at Poona under the regime of Baji Rao II, 523; testimony of Tone, *ibid*; the origin of his office 647; an enumeration of his duties, 647-649.
c30.67
Kulkarni—next to Patil in rank, 225; his rights and perquisites, 226-228; the derivation of the term, 506-507; the duties of his office, 507, 513. Lakshman Bhikaji—Mamlatdar of Wan and Dindori, 602; the instructions laid down for his guidance, 602-603; their resemblance with the Mughal system, 603-604. Land Revenue and cesses—their antiquity and their basis on the old Hindu system in Maharashtra, 525-547; the nature and extent of Muhammadan influence on, 593-631. Macleod (Mr. J.)—On the Peshwa's daftar, 267, 271. Madhav Rao I—188; his special treatment of Brahmans, 289-290; his remission of rent to cultivators, 296; grants compensation to villagers, 299; relieves Maratha peasants of forced labour, 305; his circular letter on coins, 321; excommunicates people for not observing mourning for a death, 403; his naval policy, 435; tries to put a check to the indiscriminate distribution of Dakshana, 471; makes a monthly grant for making copies of old books, 472; abolishes forced labour, 532. Madhav Rao II—189-190; his attitude towards the Raja of Satara, 193-194; his suicide, 196; his improvement of agriculture, 279; attempts for the reclamation of waste lands, 292-293; grants compensation to villagers, 299; orders the repairing of roads, 331; his order to stop the manufacture of liquor, 339; instances of superstitious beliefs during his administration, 402; the Prabhus ordered to desist from pronouncing Vedic mantras 403; consideration for prisoner's health, 420-421; his naval policy, 436; a list of convicts condemned to lose their hands and feet under him, 556; a description of his Shikarkhana, 660-661. Mahadaji Sindhia—185, 195; he procures for Madhav Rao II the title of vakil-i-mutluq, 196. Mahar—his duties, 229, etymology of the term, 229-230; his rights and perquisites, 230-31. Majumdar and Daftardar—the duties of their office, 261-263. Malcolm—his "Central India," 181.
c30.68
Malhar Ram Rao Chitnis—his bakhar 3; his *Rajniti*, *ibid*; his enumeration of the duties of chitnis, 57-58 on the official duties of Lekhaks, 494.
c30.69
Malik Ambar—his revenue system, 77-78.
c30.70
Manu—on the council of ministers, 489; on the construction of a capital town, 498; on the perquisites of lords of village, 516, 530; on the system of forced labour, 532; on the method of punishment by mutilation, 557-558; on punishment for adultery, 563-564; on the rules about evidence, 569; on trial by ordeal, 572.
c30.71
Manucci—his *Storia Do Mogor*, 20; on the Mughal system of granting Kauls to frightened peasants, 620-621; on the shameless conduct of tax contractors, 628; on the practice of taking surety from soldiers of all rank, 635-636; on the system of payment in the Mughal army, 637; on the Mughal practice of branding horses, 642; on the Bederia (Bidari) of the Mughal forces, 645; on the duties of the Kotwal 648-649; on the system of state compensation for the loss from robbery during the reign of Shah Jahan, 650; on the Kotwal's responsibility for stolen property within the bounds of his jurisdiction, *ibid*; on the responsibilities of the Fauzdars 650; on capital punishment during the Mughal days, 651; on the Mughal practice of mutilation of criminals, 652.
c30.72
Mewji (P.V.)—his "*Sanads and Letters*," 7; "*Shivaji's Swarajya*," 26.
c30.73
Mirasdar—their tenure of village lands, 237-238.
c30.74
Moor (Lt. Edward) *A Narrative of the operations of Captain Little's Detachment*, 18 on the efficiency of the metropolitan police at Poona, 431; on European officers employed in the Peshwa's army, 443-444; on womenfolk and dancing girls in the Maratha army, 466.
c30.75
Muhammad Hashim—Dewan of Gujrat, 600; an imperial farman addressed to him, 597-600.
c30.76
Mulukhgiri—the etymological meaning of the term, 637; a source of income with the Muhammadan and the Maratha rulers, 637-638.
c30.77
Munro (General)—on the benevolent administration of the Maratha Jagirdars, 273-274.
c30.78
Murshid Quli Khan—his classification of lands and his method of assessment, 611; appointment of new village headmen, 615.
c30.79
Mutilation—a punishment under the Peshwas : its severity compared with that of the criminal laws of England, 394-396; becomes common under Nana Fadnavis, 556; a list of convicts condemned to lose their hands and feet under Madhav Rao II, 556; the antiquity of the punishment, 556-558; Muhammadan practice of mutilation of criminals, 651-653.
c30.80
Nana Fadnavis—185-186, 195.
c30.81
Narada—on the system of village police, 511; on the procedure in civil suits, 567; on the rules of evidence, 569; on trial by ordeal, 573; on fire ordeal, 576-577.
c30.82
Navy—Shivaji's organisation of, 158-163 and 433-434; Maratha naval power at its zenith under Angrias, 434; naval policy of Peshwas, 434-436; salary of naval officers, 436-439.
c30.83
Orme (Robert)—his *Fragments*, 20-21; on Shivaji's fleet 159; his description of Angria's fleet, 160-161.
c30.84
Owen (Sydney)—his "*India on the Eve of the British Conquest*," 25.
c30.85
Panchayet—its function, 350-351; its services in the administration of justice, 355; constitution of the Panchayet, 356-357; the nature and extent of its authority, 357-358; the nature of evidence before a Panchayet, 358-363; trial by ordeal, 363-368; Panchayet in criminal cases, 379-380; the probable antiquity of the Maratha village Panchayet, 566-567.
c30.86
Parasnis (D.B.)—his "*Sanads and Letters*," 7; *History of the Maratha People*, 25.
c30.87
Patil—his duties and functions, 213-216; the hereditary character of office, 216; his rights and perquisites ; 216-222 ; his social distinction ; 222-224 ; the responsibilities of his office, 224-225 ; the derivation of the term, 506 ; the antiquity of his official duties, 508-513 ; the perquisites of the Patil's office and their antiquity, 514-521.
c30.88
Paymalli Compensation—Maratha custom of compensating aggrieved peasants and villagers for loss caused by the Peshwa's forces when encamped near a village by treading on the crops in the neighbouring fields, 605-606 ; the influence of Mughal example on this system of the Peshwas, 656-658.
c30.89
Penance—the Chhatrapatis and the Peshwas as the ecclesiastical heads of the State prescribe some penance for convicted offenders, 559 ; the antiquity of this system, 559-560.
c30.90
Pendharis—accompanied Peshwa army on every expedition, 457 ; an instance of their sacrilegious depredation, 457 ; they had to pay a duty of 25 p.c. of their entire booty for the license granted to them, 551 ; their long lineage and the basis of their plunder and depredations on the recommendations of Kautilya, Shukracharya and Brihaspati, 551-553 ; their prototype in the Bidari of the Mughal forces, 644-646.
c30.91
Peshwa—his status and function, 196-198; rises to the real headship of the Maratha empire, 202 ; he regulates social and religious affairs, 202-204 ; consequence of the rise of the Peshwas, 204 ; the attitude of the old Sardars towards the Peshwas, 205-206 ; the nature of his control over the feudal barons, 206-208 ; the nature of his despotism, 209-211 ; the nature of his control over village communities, 242 ; revenue policy, 272 and the following ; sources of Peshwa's income, 274 ; improvement of agriculture, 279-282 ; system of land inspection, 281-282 ; classification and assessment of lands, 282-288 ; payment in cash usually permitted, 288 ; special treatment of Brahmans, 289-290 ; encouragement of cocoanut and other plantations, 291-292; reclamation of waste lands, 292-295; remission of rent in case of famine and other calamities, 295-298; policy of taxation, 298-299; irrigation projects, 299-301; tagai loans and their utility 301-306; Batai system, 306-307; other sources of the Peshwa's revenue—census, forests, mints, customs duties, Mohatarfa, Zakat, market-towns, monopoly, shipbuilding, excise, etc., 308-346; estimate of total revenue of the Peshwas, 342-343; facilities for the means of communication under the Peshwas, 381; administration of justice under them, 347-396; the Peshwas as the ecclesiastical heads of the state, 397; their regulation of the social affairs of the country, 398-417; their spirit of toleration, 400-401; instances of their superstitious beliefs, 401-402; readmission of violated women to their caste, 408-409; cases of informal marriage sanctioned, 410-411; re-admission of renegades into their original caste, 412-414; exaction of dowry prohibited, 414-416; instance of forcible marriage nullified, 416; management of prisons under the Peshwas, 417-424; leave for religious duties, 418-419; consideration for the prisoner's health 419-421; treatment of political prisoners, 421-424; defect of the Maratha prison, 424; police system, 424-432; the navy, 433-439; the army, 439-469; education policy 470-471; library, 472; encouragement of the study of medicine, 472; concluding remarks on the administrative system of the Peshwas, 472-476; sources of income—land revenue and cesses, 528-546; their basis on the old Hindu system, *ibid*; encouragement and improvement of agriculture under the Peshwas: their basis on the old Hindu system 541-546: the economic policy of the Peshwas: a relic of the past, 546-547; the nature and extent of state interference in the trade of the country, *ibid*; military organisation and the survival of the conventional practices and principles of the old Hindu tacticians and theorists, 548-553; Muhammadan influence on the system of state interference in the manufacturing industries of the country, 630-631; Mughal influence on the military organisation of the Peshwa, 633-646.
c30.92
Police—the village police and the district police, 424; subjugation of criminal tribes, 425-427; the Kotwal and his duties, 427-429; Elphinstone on the efficiency of the Maratha police system, 426; the abuses of Kotwal's authority, 428-429; Ghasiram's case, 429-430; Elphinstone's remarks on the Maratha police, 430; the metropolitan police of Poona: its efficiency and honesty, 431-432; testimony of William Henry Tone, Lt. Edward Moor, and Elphinstone on the well regulated metropolitan police at Poona, 431-432; the Kotwal a police Magistrate at the head of the city Police, 522; the antiquity of his office and of his duties, 522-524; the organisation of the city government based on the old Hindu system, *ibid*; efficiency of the city police at Poona under Baji Rao II, 523; Muhammadan influence on the Maratha police, 647-650.
c30.93
Potdar—his duties and perquisites, 231-233; the origin of his office and the antiquity of his official duties, 513-514.
c30.94
Pratap Sinha—Raja of Satara, 348; his Yadi, *ibid*.
c30.95
Prisons (in Maharashtra)—management of prisons under the Peshwas, 417-424; leave for religious duties, 418-419; consideration for the prisoner's health, 419-421; treatment of political prisoners, 421-424; defects of the Maratha prison, 424.
c30.96
Rajaram—197.
c30.97
Raja of Satara—his status and dignity, 186-187; his miserable condition, 188-194.
c30.98
Rajwade—1; importance of his research, 2; his publication of a Bakhar, 5; his examination of the Portuguese biography of Shivaji, 14.
c30.99
Ram Shastri—Nyayadhish, 370; his uprightness in the administration of justice, *ibid.*
c30.100
Ranade—his researches and his services to the cause of Maratha History, 22-24; his "Currencies and Mints" under Maratha Rule, 26, his comparison of Shivaji's Ashta Pradhan council with the Viceroy's Executive Council, 46-48, 76, 102; his comparison of the Chauth system with the subsidiary alliance of Wellesley, 113-116; on the official rank of the Peshwa, 197; on Shahu's administrative capacity, 200-201; on the Peshwa's partiality towards the Brahmans, 290; on the system of revenue management under the Peshwas, 305; Maratha Currency, 317-319.
c30.101
Rasikdas—an imperial farman addressed to him, 601.
c30.102
Rawlinson (H. G.)—his *Shivaji the Maratha*, 24.
c30.103
Remission of Rent—Muhammadan influence on the Maratha system of remission of rent in times of famine and of granting rent-free land to deserving physicians, 616-620.
c30.104
Revenue system—(see under Shivaji and under the Peshwas) Maratha Revenue system—a relic of the past; its basis on the recommendations of the old Hindu law-givers, 528-547; the nature and extent of Muhammadan influence on Maratha revenue principles, 593-632.
c30.105
Sabhasad—(Krishnaji Ananta) his life of Shivaji, 3; his description of the anti-feudal measures of Shivaji, 38-39; his account of Shivaji's coins, 107-108; on Shivaji's fleet, 159; on the construction of Shivaji's capital town, 499; on Shivaji's land revenue system, 528; on Shivaji's appointment of three officers of equal rank over each fort, 549-550; on Shivaji's method of enlistment of soldiers 634; on Shivaji's practice of rewarding his soldiers for military services, 638-639; on Shivaji's practice of branding horses, 641-642.
c30.106
Shambhaji—becomes Moghal mansabdar, 183.
c30.107
Sane (Rao Bahadur)—his "*Patre Yadi Bagaire*," 7.
c30.108
Sardesai—his *Marathi Riyasat*, its value, 7.
c30.109
Sarkar (Jadunath)—his *Shivaji and His Times*, 26; his translation of two farmans in his *Studies in Mughal India*, 597.
c30.110
Scott-Waring—5; his *History of the Marathas*, 24, 76, 128, 140; on the transfer of political power from the Satara Raja to the Peshwa, 198; on Shivaji's organisation of the navy, 433-434; and Shivaji's artillery, 140; on Peshwa Madhav Rao's Dakshana system, 471.
c30.111
Shahanavkalmi—a bakhar, 4.
c30.112
Shahu—184; he accepts a Mughal mansab from Farrukhsiyar, 184-185; accepts Peshwa Baji Rao's policy of expansion towards the north, 198; his administrative genius, 200; his arrangement for succession, 201-202; his measures as the ecclesiastical head of the state, 398.
c30.113
Shiva Bharat—a Tamil chronicle, 9.
c30.114
Shivadivijaya—a bakhar, 3.
c30.115
Shivaji—his administrative system; its antiquity and character, 26-27; a builder of forts, 28; his greatness as a military leader, *ibid*; his difficulties in reorganising civil administration, 34; his aims and ideals, 35-36; conquest of Mawal and a portion of Bijapur territory, 56; his anti-feudal policy, 37-39. Ashta Pradhan Council; its history, constitution and functions, 39-46; his indebtedness to Malik Ambar's revenue system, 77; his survey settlement, 80; his revenue divisions, 93-96; their officers, 93-96; his monetary system, 107-111; his military organisation, 127-157; his indebtedness to the regulations of Bijapur, 130; his spy system, 145; his military regulations 149-157; his organisation of the navy, 158-163 and 433-434; his judicial system, 164-166; his educational policy, 166-167; his achievement, 167-170; his political ideal, 183; his policy of the conservation and revival of Hindu institutions, 488; his organisation of Karkhanas and Mahals, 494-495; his capital, 498; his encouragement of agriculture, 541-542; his enlistment of deserters from his enemy's army, 632; grants no jagir for military service, 633; Muhammadan practices in his army administration 633-634; the nature and extent of his indebtedness to the Muhammadans for his method of enlistment of soldiers, 634-636; titles for military service, 640.
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*Shiva Kavya*—written by Purushottam Kavi, 7.
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*Shri Shivaji Pratap*—a bakhar, 4.
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*Shiva Raj Bhusan*—written by Shivaji's Court poet Bhusan, 8-9.
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*Shiva Raj Prashasti*—written by Gaga Bhatta, 7.
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*Shukraniti*—its influence on Shivaji's re-organisation of his Ashta Pradhan Council, 488; its recommendation on the Council of Ministers, 489; on the construction of an ideal metropolis, 499-501; on assessment of land revenue, 527; 531; on the system of forced labour, 533; on road-cess (Vartani), 534; 541; on the encouragement of agriculture, 543; on two kinds of army, 549; on licensed thieves, 551-552; on punishment by mutilation, 556; on procedure in civil suits, 577; on the laws of evidence, 570; on the legality and the antiquity of trial by ordeal, 573.
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Sindhia (Daulat Rao)—joins the Muharam procession, 401.
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Slavery—conditions of slaves in the Maratha empire, 388-390; testimony of Broughton and Jenkins, 389-390; the rights of slaves and the law of manumission, 564-565; the recommendation of Chanakya, 565.
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State interference—the influence of early Hindu law-givers on the nature and extent of state interference in the economic policy of the Peshwas, 546-547; Muhammadan influence on state interference in the manufacturing industries of the country under the Peshwas, 630-631.
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Surat Factory Records—Their importance, 19.
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Tarabai—198.
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Telang (Justice)—406.
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Tipu Sultan—his revenue regulations; their resemblance with those of the Peshwas, 486.
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Tone (Colonel W. H.)—142; 195; on the Maratha constitution, 208; on the efficiency and honesty of the metropolitan police, 431-432; on the Peshwa army, 142; on the Rajput and Purvia adventurers in the Peshwa infantry, 450-51; on the depredations of the Maratha army, 468; on Sindhia's fire-locks, 462; on the city police under Baji Rao II, 523.
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Trial by ordeal—various forms of, 363-368; its popularity in Southern India under the Maratha rule, 571; its antiquity, 571-579; Muhammadan rulers help its survival in the Deccan, 655; James Forbes on trial by ordeal, 653-654.
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Valentia (Lord)—his estimate of the total revenue of the Peshwas, 342; his reception by Peshwa's servants, 480.
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Vashishtha—on punishment for adultery, 564.
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Vijayanagar (Hindu Kingdom of)—its service to the preservation of Hindu institutions, 486; marriage tax or Lagnapatti abolished in the 16th century, 538; the existence of Jangampatti under the Vijayanagar rule, 538-539; comes to an end in 1565, 589.
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Village communities—their antiquity in Maharashtra, 37; their autonomy and republican institutions, 212; duties and functions of the village Panch, 212-213; their industrial organisation, 233-237; village land tenure—Mirasdars and Upris—237-240; village police system, 239-240; their financial arrangement, 240-242; their antiquity, 503-505.
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Vishnu—on the function of the village headman, 509; on the king's taxes from villages, 517; 528; on the system of forced labour, 532-533; 535; on judicial system, 555; recommends punishment by mutilation, 558; on trial by ordeal, 572.
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Wellington (Duke of)—on Maratha cultivation, 305; on the excellent condition of roads in Maharashtra, 331; on the temperance measures of the Peshwas, 472-473; on the corrupt practices of English officers, 473; on the desire of the Southern Maratha chiefs to subsidise a British force, 475.
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Widow re-marriage—a common practice among the Non-Brahmans, 406-407.
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Witchcraft—measures for its suppression and punishment under the Peshwas, 383-386.
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Youan Chwang—on land revenue in Maharashtra, 529; on forced labour, 533; gives a detailed account of different forms of ordeal, 573-574.
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Zakat—its original meaning, 628; the object of the imposition of this tax under the Muhammadans, ibid; becomes a source of income with the Maratha rulers, 629-630.
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TIMES OF INDIA ON DR. SEN'S WORKS
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With one statement made by Lord Meston it would be impossible to quarrel. He referred to the new school of Indian investigators, "versed in modern criticism and exploring the field with honesty and sincerity," which he regards as one of the best fruits of the new Nationalist movement. With historians like D. R. Bhandarkar, Surendranath Sen, * * * —to mention only a few of those who have done admirable work—India may well claim to have established a school of research worthy of himself and her past history.—*Times of India*, quoted in the *Pioneer* of Friday, May 20, 1921 mofussil edition.
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OPINIONS
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Prof. A. Beriedale Keith : "I have now had the opportunity of reading your treatise on the Administrative System of the Marathas. It contains a very large amount of interesting information, carefully put together, and rendered illuminating by comparison with the description of early Hindu institutions derived from the Dharmasastra literature. It undoubtedly sheds much light on the course of administration prior to the advent of British supremacy, and the impartiality and good sense of such personal judgments as you express deserves recognition."
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Prof. Jules Bloch (in *Journal Asiatique*) : "C'est un ouvrage solide et important, qui fait honneur à l'auteur et à l'ecole à laquelle il se rattache."
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C. H. Keith Jopp. : "I think it will prove useful to the student of Maratha history."
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The Hon'ble Justice C. A. Kincaid. : "I have spent several delightful hours reading your most valuable work 'Administrative System of the Marathas.' It is full of erudition and should long remain the classic text on the subject. I do not fancy any one else would have the industry as well as the learning, to write another such book. I congratulate you warmly on your great achievement."
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S. M. Edwardes (in *The Indian Antiquary*, January, 1924). : "Much original research in Maratha history has been conducted of late years by Indian scholars, who have thrown a flood of light upon the circumstances and character of the administration founded by Shivaji and subsequently usurped by the Peshwas. In this respect the work of men like the late Professor H. G. Limaye and Messrs. Rajwade, Sardesai, Parasnis and others has been invaluable. Dr. Surendranath Sen has already established his authority in the same field by his excellent translation of the bakhar of Kistnaji Anant Sabhasad, which is unquestionably the most credible and trustworthy of the various old chronicles of Shivaji's life and reign. He has now placed students of Maratha affairs under a further obligation by this careful exposition of the administrative system in vogue in the Deccan in the pre-British period.
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The value of his latest work seems to us to lie in its impartiality and in its careful avoidance of extreme diction in cases where the author's views differ from those already expressed by both English and Indian writers. He treats Grant-Duff and Ranade with equal impartiality, and does not hesitate to point out their errors of deduction: he appreciates fully the good features of Shivaji's institutions, but is equally explicit as to their short-comings: and he devotes a distinct section of his work to explaining by carefully chosen quotations and examples that much of Shivaji's administrative machinery was not a new product of his unquestionably resourceful mind, but had its roots deep down in ancient Hindu lore.
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As to the actual facts disclosed in Dr. Sen's work, their number is so many and they are so interesting that it is hardly possible to deal with them in the brief compass of a review.
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In conclusion, let it suffice to remark that Dr. Sen has produced an admirable work of reference for students of the history of the Deccan in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries."
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G. S. Sardesai, (*Vividha Dnan Vistar*): All students of Maratha History must read the works of Dr. Sen.
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Rao Bahadur Kashinath Narayan Sane. "I hasten to congratulate you on your having so systematically and so lucidly brought together all the information available on the subject of the administration of the country under the Maratha Rulers."
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Sir Verney Lovett (*in the Asiatic Review*). "The book contains much interesting information."
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R. A. Leslie Moore (*Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, London Institutions*). "This book is the result of a wide and careful study of original documents, chiefly Maratha and English, and only needs a more comprehensive glossary."
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The Times Literary Supplement *.Thursday 10, May, 1923.* "As in the case of the Great Napoleon, Shivaji the Conqueror has always been more attractive to historians than Shivaji the Administrator, and less than justice has been done to his constructive ability. Dr. Surendranath Sen has written a scholarly analysis of the Maratha administration under Shivaji and the Peshwas, and in spite of a natural bias in favour of his own country-men he can claim to have proved that the Maratha Government will at least bear favourable comparison with and was in some respects superior to, those of contemporary Europe."
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Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, October, 1924—" Dr. Surendranath Sen has given us a most careful and comprehensive work and has shown that the work begun so well by Ranade is being continued in competent hands. The fact that the Maratha kingdom lasted for a century and a half should be sufficient to dispel the idea that the Marathas were mere bands of marauders. It comes as a surprise, however, to see what a wealth of material there is for the study of their constitutional and administrative history. The author investigates the origin and development of their institutions, analysing the influence of traditional Hindu systems of polity and of those of their Muslim neighbours. The book is a most valuable addition to the publications of Calcutta University."
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Times of India, 15th August, 1923. " We can hardly find adequate words in which to express our approval of this work and our admiration of the writer's industry. * *
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Here we must leave Dr. Sen's fascinating book. Besides its immense value, it throws a curious light on the difficulties which to-day confront an Indian writer. Dr. Sen is a Bengali. In order to obtain a hearing he has to write in English. But he who writes on Maratha history must be conversant both with Marathi and Persian. Dr. Sen promptly learnt these two difficult languages. His work is thus a monument to his wonderful linguistic gifts as well as to his tireless unceasing industry."
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Pioneer, Sunday, the 2nd September, 1923. " The most noticeable characteristic of this book is a pleasing sobriety of judgment. We have seen much of history written rather from the standpoint of present politics than of past happenings, and we heartily welcome the thoroughly impartial standpoint which Dr. Sen assumes. We are disposed to congratulate him the more warmly, in that the Maratha period of Indian history offers an almost irresistible temptation to the ‘patriotic’ scholar to discover what is not to be found, and to interpret hard realities in the light of glowing aspirations. The author has confined himself to two principal tasks :he desires, in the first place, to defend Maratha rule from some of the aspersions ignorantly cast upon it; and he traces the connection between the salient features of Maratha institutions and the traditional characteristics of the typical Hindu polity. We may say at once that he has discharged both these tasks with learning, moderation, and a rare sense of historical perspective. * *
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We congratulate Dr. Sen upon an excellent and most scholarly piece of work.”
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The Englishman. Tuesday, 5th June, 1923. “Displaying an impartial spirit, the author has embodied the results of his five years’ toil into a very readable volume which is well up to the traditions of modern historians.”
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Bombay Chronicle. Sunday, 10th June, 1923. The work is bound to be interesting to students of history as well as sociology, though it is neither purely a history nor even a social study. * * On the whole the book is well worth study from whatever standpoint one approaches it.”
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Rangoon Mail. Friday, 8th February, 1924. “In Dr. Surendra Nath Sen, M.A., Ph.D., Lecturer in Maratta History and Marathi Literature and author of Administrative system of the Marhattas (from original sources), we have one more evidence of the genuine spirit of historical research that abounds in the Bengal of to-day. * * The Volume is a thoroughly enjoyable one and has the supreme merit of avoiding extra-learned spurious technicality. We welcome the author because he is an honest student of Indian history : we welcome him because he has the art of simple narration : we welcome him becaus he has really studied his source in a critical and comparative spirit : and we welcome him because men like him of unassuming patriotic impulse are some justification, however slight, of the foreign-ridden University Education now in vogue in this country. Dr. Sen is one of that honest group of earnest students and researchers whom Sir Asutosh Mookerjee has brought together under great handicaps in the Post-Graduate Department of the University of Calcutta and the more young men of Dr. Sen's type take up the burden of Indian historical research out of non-Indian hands, the better for the cause of Indian culture. Dr. Sen's book ought to forge one more link between the great Bengali and Marathi communities in India."
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Vividha Dnan Vistar, June, 1923. "The road indicated by the late Justice Ranade has been rendered more wide and less thorny by Professor Sen."
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