The Military System of the Marathas, with a Brief Account of Their Maritime Activities c21: Index

The Military System of the Marathas, with a Brief Account of Their Maritime Activities c21

Language: English

Index

c21.1

Abaji Sondev, 84 Abdali, Ahmad, 71, 136, 142, 144, 145, 146, 148, 149, 151, 234 Acheen, Queen of, 111 Adilshah, 215; also see Muhammad Adilshah Afzal Khan, 156 Agoada, 196 Agra, 118, 127 Ahmadabad 33, 66 Ahmad Shah Abdali, see Abdali, Ahmad Ahmadnagar, Marathas in military and civil services of, 4; annexed by Emperor of Delhi, 7; Shivaji claims sardeshmukhi from, 42 Alibag, 178, 197 Aligarh, 120, 122 Ali Mardan Khan, 66 Alorna, Marquis of, 72-3, 76, 232, 237 Alvara (letter patent), 26 Ambarkhana (granary), 80 Ambegavan, 101 Amins, 34 Amir Khan, 76, 138 Anand Rao, 121 Anand Rao Dhulap 102, 211, 212, 215, 230 Ananda Rao Pawar, 50 Ananda Rao Thorat, 50 Anandi Bai, 236 Angarvadi, 171 Anjanvel, 92, 201 Anjidiv, 196 Annaji Datto (Sachiv), 11, 22, 231 Anselm, Captain, 111, 159, 198-9, 214 Antaji Mankeshwar, 142 Anupshahar, 146 Apaji Ganesh, 66 Apaji Gopal, 201 Arabian Sea, 153, 215 Arras, 106 Arthashastra, 51 Asarceta, King of, 25-6 Ashta Pradhan Council, 9

c21.2

Assaye, 109, 115, 152, 239 Assumar, Conde de, 21, 23; also see d'Almeida, Pedro Attai Khan, 150 Aurangabad, 47 Aurangzib, 7, 11, 33, 42, 44, 57, 81, 94, 95, 148 Azevedo, Dom Jaronymo de, 27

c21.3

Babar, 95 Babu Rao Salokhe, 92, 211 Bagwell, Commodore, 197 Bahadur Khan, 154; also see Bauder Ckaun Bahadur Shah, Emperor, 33 Bahadur Shah of Gujarat, 215 Bahirji Jadhav, 138 Bahiro Pant Mehendale, 233 Bahmani Kingdom, 2, 3, 6 Baglan, 47 Bahiro Pant Pingle 174 Bajaji Rao Nimbalkar, 71 Baji Rao I, 48, 56, 57, 58, 59, 103, 109, 132, 189, 191, 204, 232 Baji Rao II, 40, 78, 94, 95, 124 Baji Rao Ballal, 58 Baji Rao Bekse, 212 Balaghat, 47 Balaji Baji Rao, 20, 39, 41, 52, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 65, 74, 77, 92, 104, 112, 113, 115, 142, 197, 202, 204, 209, 213 Balaji Hari Fadnis, 213 Balaji Vishwanath, 34, 35, 42, 46, 47, 50, 91, 170 Balparveshi, 69 Bapoti comparison with watan, 3 & n Bapuji Ganesh Gokhale, 52, 110 Bapuji Shinde, 92 Bargir, 4 & n, 8, 68, 69 Bassein, 21, 92, 155, 156, 184, 193 215; Treaty of, 41 & n, 117 Batticola (Bhatkal), 157 Bauder Ckaun, 97; also see Bahadur Khan Bedcria, 74 Beldar, 75 Bednore, Raja of, 30 Benares, 60 Berar, 3, 35, 47 Berba, 26-7 Bhandawar, Chief of, 39 Bheron Ghat, 58 Bhikan Khan, 104 Bhils, 29 Bhim Rao, see Sidoji Gujar Bhim Rao Panshe, 105, 106 Bhimsen, 8, 42 Bhopat Beldar, 75 Bhore Ghat, 127 Bhushan, 19 & n. Bidar, 4 Biddulph, Col., 185 Bijapur, 4, 14n, 81, 84, 153; princess marries Nimbalkar, 7; officers obtain hereditary jahgirs, 10; Adilshahi, 37; Sultans of, 38 Bijapuris, 17 Blacker, 66 Bombay, 86, 123, 153, 155, 156, 157, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 172, 174, 175, 176, 177, 179, 181, 182, 183, 184, 191, 197, 205, 206, 207 Boone, Charles, 111, 177, 179, 181, 182, 183, 187, 220, 224 Borcaro, Antonio, 29 Borquin, 121 Bowcher, George, 220 Boyd, 106, 116, 123, 124, 125 Brahmendra Swami, 59 Brihaspati, 73 Broach, 219, 221 Broughton, Maj., 131, 132, 134, 137 Bussy, 112, 113

c21.4

CALCUTTA, 123 Calicut, 203 Candeish, 94; also see Khandesh Cape Rama, 187 Carreri, Francis Gamelli, 16, 77, 110, 159, 216 Carre, Abbe, 20n, 25n Carron, 31n Carwar (Karwar), 14n, 181

c21.5

Castro, Joao de, 215 Catymagy, see Timagy Aldeu. Chalukyas, 1 Chandan, 90 Chandra Rao (title of the Mores of Jawli), 5 Chandrasen Jadhav, 48 Chaphal, 13 Chaul, 155, 186; Portuguese Captain of, 10 Chauth, correspondence with Portuguese Viceroy regarding, 21-2; explanation of the term, 20; treaty for payment of, 25-6, as signified by the Treaty in 1635, 27-8; Mughal subjects and, 29; meaning of, in Sivaji's time, 32; not exacted by Marathas alone, 40; English and, 40-1; paid by Marathas to Janjira, 40; difference with sardeshmukhi, 41-2 Chauthia, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 32 Chhatrasal, 17n, 19, 40, 58 Chhatra Singh Toke, 50 Child, Sir John, 10 Chinkulich Khan, 34 Chintaman Panduranga Patwardhan, 53 Chiplun, 14 Chitnis, 47 Chumput, Raja, 40 Chunar, 85 Close, Col., 124 Cornwall, Capt. Henry, 178, 179, 224 Cornwallis, Lord, 72 Cortes, 47 Cossacks compared with the Marathas, 75 Costa, Luiz de, 173 Costa, Rodrigo da, 173 Cowan, Robert, 183n, 184, 186n Cozzy, 31 Croesus, 122 Cunha, Nuno da, 215

c21.6

DABHADES, 56, 64 Dadaji Naras Prabhu, 17n Dafles, 5 Daghabaz (traitors), 121

c21.7

Dahanu, 194 d' Almeida, Pedro, 21, 23, 24; also see Assumar, Conde de Dalpat Bundela, 103 Dalpat Rai, 8 Dalwai, 48 Damaji Gaikwad, 56, 151 Damaji Naik Kuveskar, 213 Damaji Thorat, 46 Daman, 20, 21, 23, 24, 25 26, 27, 28 Dandanayakas, 2 Danda Rajpore, 96 Dariya Sarang, 155, 160, 167 Darukhana (powder house), 80, 95 Darakhdars (hereditary officers), 91, 104, 212 Darwar, 135 Dattaji Sindhia, 74, 145, 146 Daud Khan, 34, 42 Daulat Khan, 160, 167, 168, 170 Daulat Rao Sindhia, 77, 117, 127, 132, 235, 236, 238 Daya Bahadur, 57 & n De Boigne, Benoit, 109, 115, 116, 118, 119, 120, 122, 123, 124, 238 Debi Sing, 66 Delhi, imperial army of, 2, 144, 145, 146, 147, 149 Delhi, Emperor of, 2, 6, 124; Shivaji refuses to recognise Emperor of and collects chauth, 29, 36 Deshmukhs, 2 & n, 11 Deshpandes, 11 Desy, 31 Devgiri, 5n Dhanaji Jadhav, 44, 64 Dharampur, Raja of, 41 Dharna (dunning), 53 & n. Dharwar, 92, 102 Dhondji, 92 Dhonji, 190 Diler Khan, 86 Dilkusha, 103 Dirom, Maj., 107 Diu, 185, 194, 206 Dost Muhammad, 95 Downing, Clement, 171 Drugcon, 124 Dubhoi, 48, 56 Dudrenec, 116, 121

c21.8

Dundhia Vagh, 134 Dundi Khan, 150 Durumpoory Choute, 41

c21.9

EAST INDIA COMPANY, 39, 219 Edgecombe, Capt. Leonard, 220 Ecruch Khan, 71 Ega, Conde de, 210 Egerton, Col., 106 Ekas (Ekandas), 67, 69 Elphinstone, Mountstuart, 237 Enthoven, 171 Eradut Khan, 11 Ericeira, Conde de, 180, 183 Esaji Gambhir Rao, 100 Etawa, 19 Evans, 124

c21.10

FARRUKHABAD NAWAB of, 5, 9 Fatte Sing Baba, 60 Fatte Singh Gaikwad, 56 Fidalgo, 98 Filoze, Michael, 121 Fitzclarence, 86 Fonseca, Goncalo Pinto da, 27 Forbes, James, 69, 131, 132 Ford, John, 105, 125 Fortescue, Sir John, 239 Freire, Antonio de Britto, 195, 217 Froes, Antonio Cardim, 173, 185 Fryer, John, 14, 16, 157

c21.11

GANGA, 80 Gangadhar Pant, 224 Gangthadi, 47 Ganu Chaty, 24 Gayer, John, 220 Ghanashyam Narayan, 233 Ghasdana, 38n, 43 Ghatges, 5 Gheria, 182, 183, 184, 190, 194, 205, 206, 209 Ghi, 80 Ghorpad, 86 Ghorpade, Maloji, 55 Girdhar Bahadur, 57 Goa, 4, 66, 153, 169, 184, 185, 186, 191, 193, 195, 198, 202, 205, 206, 218

c21.12

Goddard, 66, Golkonda, 4, 6, 7, 37, 38, 45, 71, 153 Gondwana, 47 Gopal Govinda Patwardhan, 52 Gopal Rao, 126 Gopika Bai, 132 Gordon, Capt. William, 101 Govardhan Das, 177 Govind Kanho, 170 Govind Pant Bundele, 143, 145, 146, 148, 149, 151 Govinda Rao, 56 Govindaji Jadhav, 170 Grant Duff, 46 Grose, John Henry, 70, 72, 80, 104, 111, 222 Guarda, Cosme da, 109, 155, 157 Gujarat, 47 Gundavec, 31

c21.13

Hafiz Rahamat Khan, 150 Hall, Benjamin, 200, 214 Hamilton, Capt. Alexander, 10, 159, 188, 226 Hanuman, 81 Haripant Phadke, 137 Harivamasachi Bakhar, 53 Hasaji Mohite, 12 Havaldar, 8, 82, 83, 84, 89, 91, 92 Hawkins, William, 216 Hazari, 8, 9, 10 Hendrick, B. J., 140 Henery Island, 167, 206 Henry II, 11 Herbert, Sir Thomas, 219 Hindupad Padshahi (Hindu empire), 57, 146 Hirakot, 197 Hiraman, 75 Hiuen Tsang, 1 Hons, 9 & n, 10, 89, Horta, Joseph Ferreira de, 186 Hubli, 134 Hussain Ali, 34 Hyder Ali, 36, 39, 206, 233, 234 Hyderabad, 35, 123

c21.14

Ibrahim Khan, 109, 112, 113, 114, 150, 151, 152, 160 Idalxa, 155 Inam Commission, 5n Irvine, 74 Ismail Khan, 201 Ives, Edward, 199, 205

c21.15

Jeada Rana, 26 Jahgir, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 13, 45 Jahgirdar, 5, 6, 34, 35, 45 Jai Sing, 57, 59, 84, 111 Jamenis, 9 James, Commodore, 204, 205, 209 Jamnaji, 34 Janjira, 103, 165 Jankoji Sindhia, 151 Jan Muhammad, 18n Janoji Bhonsla, 61 Jaswant Rao Holkar, 127, 138, 139, 234, 235, 236 Jasuds (scouts), 138 Jasudjodi, 138 Jawhar, 29 Jayappa Sindhia, 142 Jedhes, 5, 6 Jetapore, 157 Jiwal, 155 Jiziya, 45 John, 123 Johnson, Capt. Peter, 219 Jumnledar, 9, 10 Junnar, 42

c21.16

Kabul, 15, 141 Kadotji Gujar, 12 Kalyan, 156, 190 Kandahar, 144 Kanhoji Angria, 46, 101, 111, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 192, 198, 215, 221, 223, 224, 225 Kanhoji Jedhe, 6n Karad, principality of, 1 Karanja, 169 Karbhari, 9 Karhad, 1 Karkhana (royal establishment), 47 Karkhannis, 82, 83 Karnatak 7; expedition of Shivaji, 13, 15 Kashi Rao Holkar, 235

c21.17

Kasidjodi, 138 Kasi Pandit, 4 Kasiraj Pandit, 68, 106, 147, 149, 151 Katraj Pass, 79 Kautilya, 5n, 73 Kaveri, 60 Keating, 69n Keene, 146 Keigwin, Capt., 10 & n, 168 Kenery Island, 167, 182, 185 Keso Narayan Sabnis 84 Khada, battle of, 124 Khafi Khan, on: Shivaji's military organisation, 8; Shivaji's respect for mosques, the Kuran and women, 18; the Maratha claim of chauth, 33; Hussain Ali's undertaking with Balaji Vishwanath and Jamanji, 34, 35; later Maratha rulers eager to settle chauth, 36; Aurangzib's treaty with Tara Bai, 42; Shivaji's behaviour at sea, 155; English behaviour at sea, 219 Khandani, 39 Khande Rao, 235 Khande Rao Dabhade, 48 Khande Rao Pawar, 52 Khandesh, 35, 37, 47; also see Candeish Khanderi, 160 Khasgi paga (Khase paga), 67, 68 Kincaid, C.A., 81 Kittoor, 135 Kolaba, 173, 174, 176, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 188, 189, 193, 197, 201, 204, 209 Kolhapur, 32, 34, 46, 90, 181 Kolis, 28, 29, 161 Konkan, principality of, 1, 37, 59, 84, 99 Koregao, 112 Krishna Joshi, 148 Krishna Rao Mahadev, 101 Krishnaji Anant Sabhasad, 8, 9, 17, 63, 81, 156 Krishnaji Surevanshi, 89 Kunjapura, 147 Kurdla, battle of, 74 Kurans (grasslands), 69

c21.18

Lahore, 15

c21.19

Lake, Gen., 121, 127, 231 Lalkavi, 17n, 19 Lisbon, 206 Lohagad, 79, 81, 86, 92, 95, 174 Lourical Marquis of, 38n, 198 Low, Capt., 209 Lucan, Lt., 123 Lukhji Jadhav, 5n, 18

c21.20

Macas, 210 Madhav Rao I, 39, 55, 75, 93, 101, 213, 228 Madhav Rao Shivdev, 104 Mahabharata, 18 Mahabut Khan, 15n Mahadaji Sindhia, 40, 78, 102, 109, 115, 116, 123, 127 Mahadev Hingne, 143 Mahadiks, 5 Mahar, 17, 18, Mahipat Rao Kavde, 51 Mahmudi Chalanis, 27 Mahmudi Chaparis, 27 Mai Naik, 160, 167, 170, 182 Majumdar, 9, 89 Malabar, 172, 183, 201, 203 Malhar Ramrao Chitnis, 82, 129, 156, 158, 171 Malhar Rao Holkar, 50, 77, 114, 142, 144, 234, 236 Malik Ambar, 4 Malleson, Col., 152 Maloji Ghorpade, 55 Malpoorba, 134 Malwa, 33, 57, 58, 59, 232 Malwan, 157 Mamlat, 39 Manaji Angria, 56, 190, 191, 192, 193, 195, 197, 201, 202, 206 Mandava, 58 Manes, 5, 19 Mangalore, 196 Mankoji Dahatonde, 8, 12 Mansabdar, 10 & n Manucci, 74 Master, Strenisham, 141 Martin, Francis, 15 & n Mascarenhas, Jose Freire M., 120 Masulipatam, 113 Mathews, Thomas 184, 185

c21.21

Mawle infantry, 8, 9 Mayaramji.Vakil, 58 Mecca, 215 Mello, Antonio de, 156 Mello, Cactano e, 171 Mazagon, 167 Mc Cluer, John, 206, 209, 213 Menezes, Martinho da Silveira de, 101 Merta, 116 Middleton, Sir Henry, 216 Mill, 59 Milles, Capt. John, 183 Minchin, William, 15, 168 Mir Sahabuddin, 143 Miraj, 76 Mirza Mosum, 30 Mohan Sing, 75 Mohites, 5 Mokasa, 46 Monson, Col., 127 Moor, Lt., 72, 73, 77, 106, 108, 124, 135 Mor, Capt., 216 Mores of Jawli, 5 & n. Moropant Pingle, 22 Moro Trimbak Pingle (Peshwa), 11, 84, 231 Mozambique, 23, 210, Mudhoji Bhonsla, 56 Mudhoji Rao Nimbalkar, 6 Mudradhari, 89 Muft-Khoor, 77 Muhammad Adilshah, 6, 83; also see Adilshah Muhammad Ali, 233 Muhammad Jafar Shamlu, 71, 147 Muhammad Jamaluddin, 53 Mukkaddams, 33 Mulukgiri, (mulk-giri, nulukghiri) 13, 30, 58 Munro, Sir Hector, 85 Munro, Sir Thomas, 93, 236, 237, 239, 240 Murar Baji Prabhu, 79, 86 Murar Rao Ghorpade, 49 Murar Rao Jadhav, 55 Musa Naraj, 104; aslo see Noronha Muttra, 60, 145 Muzaffarjang, 65 Muzaffar Khan, 109, 112, 120

c21.22

Mysore, 39, 72

c21.23

NADGAUNDI, 46 Nagoji Bhonsle, 89 Naik, 9, 85 Naikwaris, 84 Najib Khan, 145, 146, 149, 151, 233 Nalbandi (shoeing expenses), 69 Namdar Khan, 84 Nana Fadnavis, 92, 132, 148, 232, 233 Nana Purandhare, 59 Nandalal Mandloi, 57, 58 Nanking, Bishop of, 186 Naraen Sinay, 225 Naran Sinay, 12n Narayan Rao, 114 Narayan Shenvi, see Narayan Sinay Narmada, 57 Naro Pant, 209 Naro Ram Mantri, 233 Navarette, Bishop, 14 Netaji Palkar, 12 Nilkantha Mahadev Purandare, 50 Nimbalkar of Phaltan, 6, 19 Nira, 47 Niraji Raoji, 231 Nizam Ali, 60, 232 Nizamshah, King, 4, 215 Nizam-ul-Mulk, 35, 232 Norgrave, Capt. William, 220 Noronha, 104; also see Musa Naraj Nunsaree, 31

c21.24

ORME, 6211, 67, 158, 159 Oxinden, 157, 227

c21.25

PABAL, 155 Paga (regular cavalry), 8 Page, W.H., 140 Palpatti (tent tax), 73, 75 Panchhazari, 9 Pandharpur Movement, 7 Panhala, 12, 82, 86 Panipat, 71, 76, 106, 115, 116, 132, 141, 148, 151, 152 Panshes, 50 Panvel, 156, 167 Parashram Bhau Patwardhan, 72, 106, 132, 140 Parashram Pant, 78

c21.26

Parker, 178 Parvati Bai, 132 Patan, 116 Patwardhan, Parashram Bhau, see Parashram Bhau Patwadhan Pawars, 5 Peacock, Capt. Eustace, 182 Pem Sing, 75 Pendhari (s), 67, 73, 74, 75, 76; War 86 Perron, 120, 121, 122 Peshkash, 42 Peter the Great, 241 Phipps, William, 187, 189 Pilaji Jadhav, 185 Pissurlencar, Prof., 29 Phonda, 86, 103 Pitambar Shenvi, 21, 23 Pizzaro, 47 Pohlman, 238, 239 Poona, 69, 79, 101, 115, 123, 185, 204 Prabhus, 83 Pralhad Niraji, 45 Pratapgad, 90 Pratap Rao, 121 Pratinidhi, 47 Price, Capt. W.A., 111 Prinsep, 67 Purandar, 79, 85, 86, 90, 91

c21.27

RAGHOBA, 61, 131, 132, 133, 143, 144, 145, 228 Raghuji Angria, 50, 60, 61, 206, 207, 224 Raghuji Bhonsla, 61, 236 Raghunath Angria, 206 Raghunath Narayan Hanmante, 78 Raghunath Rao, 104, 151, 236 Rahdari, 35 Raigad, 19, 79, 80, 84; also see Raigarh Raigarh, 12n; also see Raigad Rairi, 12 Rajapore, 97, 157, 186 Rajaram, 32, 45, 48, 49, 63, 76, 110, 128, 169, 171 Rajaram Chhatrapati, 34 Rajbabti, 46 Raje Muhammad, 65 Raj Vyavahar Kosh, 78 Rajyabhishekaera, 10n

c21.28

Rakhi, 40 Rakshashbhuvan, battle of, 68 Rama (Brahman gunner), 95 Rama Comatee (Kamathi), 178 Ramji Kamathi, 182 Ramaji Mahadev, 205, 209 Ramnagar, 26, 28, 29 Ramayana, Shivaji's father's ancestor hero of, 18; Bhonslas descendants of Rama the hero of, 18n. Ramchandra Deva, 2, 5n Ramchandra Jadhav, 48 Ramchandra Pant Hukmatpanha, 45 Ramdas, 18, 79, 234 Ramoshis, 90 Ram Sinay, 96 Ranade, 37, 38 Ranoji Bhonsla, 68 Rao Raja Umed Singh, see Umed Singh Rao Sahebji, 58 Rashtrakutas, 1 Ratan Shah, 40 Ratta tribe, 111 Rayaba, 12 Roberts, Field-Marshal Earl, 71, 141, 237 Rojmura, 68 Rudraji Dhulap, 202 Rupram Chaudhari, 126

c21.29

SABAJI BHONSLA, 56 Sabnis, 9, 82, 83, 84 Sadashiv Mankeshwar, 50 Sadashiv Rao, 76, 113, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 152, 201 Sachiv, 46 Sadoba, 93 Sagargad, 197 Sahotra, 46 Sajjangad, 79 Salabat Jung, 112 Salbye, Treaty of, 123 Sambhaji (son of Shivaji), 32, 44, 76, 90, 99, 100, 111, 128, 169, 170, 181 Sambhaji Angria (son of Kanhoji), 56, 112, 159, 190, 192, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202 Sambhaji of Kolhapur, 176

c21.30

Sambhaji Mohite, 8 Sancho, Captain Antonio de Britto, 200 Sande, Antonio Paes de, 23, 24, 25, 28 Sandomil, Conde de, 38n Santaji Pavla, 170 Sankpal, 171 Saranjam, 49, 50, 51 Saranjamdar, 50, 51, 52, 54 Saranjam-holder, duties of, 54 Saraswati, 80 Sardeshmukhi, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38n; difference with *chauth*, 41-3; and watan, 46-7 Sardesai, 148 Sarkhel, 171, 201 Sarlaskar, 491 Sarnobat, 9, 11, 12 & n, 89, 91 Sarristadar, 35 Satara, 79, 80, 90, 92, 185 Savnur, 113; Nawab of, 113; also see Sevanore Savoyard, 122 Sekhoji, 190, 191, 192 Senapati, 10, 47, 48, 49, 56 Sena Bahadur, 49 Sena Dhurandhar, 49 & n. Sena Khaskhel, 48, 49 Sena Saheb Subha, 47, 49 & n Sevanore 135; also see Savnur Shah Alam, 74, 99 Shahjahan, 7 Shahu, 33, 34, 35, 36, 39, 42, 46, 48, 49, 76, 93, 128, 129, 130, 170, 174, 176, 183, 186, 188, 191, 201 Shankaracharya of Seringhri, 140 Shankraji Malhar, 34 Shankraji Narayan, 91 Shantaji Ghorpade, 45 Sheikh Mira, 93 Sheikh Muhammad, 18 Sher Sing, 66 Shikkdari, 35 Shirkes, 5 Shirwal, 79 Shivaji, system of recruitment of officers, 7; military organisation of, 8-10; new era from the coronation of, 91; disfavours *jahgir* system, 11-12; other reforms, 13-15, 232; equipment of army, 15-16; achievements of army, 17; and Hindu Empire, 17, 57, 61, 63; veneration for saints, 18; unable to win landowning classes but hailed by the masses, 19; not originator of *chauth*, 20; letter from Portuguese Viceroy about *chauth*, 21, 22, 23; demand of *chauth* from Surat, 25; differentiates between *chauth* and pension, 29-30; decides to collect *chauth* as in need of money, 30; protects the population of conquered area from military license, 32; did not claim *chauth* as hereditary pension, 32; undertakes to protect *chauth*-paying countries, 33; claims to be hereditary sardeshmukh, 41-2; novel ideas of, 44; functions of Peshwa under 48; *mulukhgiri* expeditions of, 59; infantry and cavalry of, 63-4, 76; and Mughal armies, 74; soldiers not allowed to share spoils, 63; officers of, 78, 81-5, 236; forts of, 79, 89, 90; structure of forts of, 78-84, 95; provisions of forts of, 86-7; attacking forts, 86; choice of soldiers, 81; artillery of, 85, 95-6; bargains for artillery, 96-9; light artillery of, 99; causes of success, 127-8; does not permit women to accompany army, 14-15, 132, 242; and astrologers, 137; indebtedness to Bahirji, 138, father of Maratha navy, 152; ports of, 153; fleet of, 154, 155-6, 157-95; captains of fleet, 160, 169, 170; and European sailors, 161-169; knowledge of defects of Maratha character, 231; on racial unity, 234; launches fleet in Arabian Sea Shivaji Naik, 187 Shivaji Rao Surve, 213 Shivapur, 79 Shivchand, 75 Shripat Bapuji, 104

c21.31

Shuja-ud-daula, 150 Shukra, 73 Shutarnal, 99, 108 Sidi Johar, 86 Sidi Kasim, 160, 161 Sidi Misri, 160, 170 Sidoji Gujar, 170, 171 Silahara dynasty, 1, 2 Silhedar (Silahdar), 5 & n, 9, 54, 67, 68, 69 Silva, Pedro da, 26 Sindkhed, 5 Sinhgad, 79, 84, 86, 91 Skinner, 77, 121, 123 Smith, Capt., 218 Smith, Lewis Ferdinand, 117, 121 Sombre, 116 Songam, 32 Soonda, 135 Stavorinus, John Splinter, 37 Subedar 23 Sukracharya, 5n Sukranitisara, 5 & n, 73 Sumer Sing, 66 Sunda, Raja of, 30, 98 Surat, 14, 15, 25, 29, 33n, 41, 155, 157, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 168, 174, 219, 220 Surves, 5 Suryaji Pisar, 44 Suvarnadurg, 157, 192, 199, 201, 204, 205 Syed Hussain Ali, see Hussain Ali

c21.32

TAL BHOPAI, 104 Talikota, battle of, 3 Tanaji Malsure, 12, 79, 86 Tannah (Thana), 98 Tarabai, 42 & n, 46, 56, 174 Tarikh-i-Ibrahimkhan, 72 Tat Sarnobat, 85, 89 Tavora, Marchioness of, 203 Taylor, George, 181 Teignmouth, Lord, 54 Thakur Nanhardasji, 58 Thomas, George, 121 Tikona, 174 Timagy Aldeu, 4n Timaji Narayan, 89 Tipu, 39, 212

c21.33

Tone, William Henry, 65, 69, 70, 73, 94, 120, 123, 125, 130, 138 Trimbak Rao Dabhade, 48, 56, 232 Tryambak Rao Dhamdhere, 75 Tryambak Rao Somvanshi, 65 Tukaram, 18 Tukoji, 12 Tukoji Holkar, 137 Tulaji, 171, 190, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 235 Tung, 174 Tungabhadra, R., 52

c21.34

Udaipur, 39 Udaji Chauhan, 46 Udgir, 114 Umed Singh, 39 Unaho, Conde de, 183 Ustick, Stephen, 96

c21.35

VAJRAGAD, 79 Valentia, Lord, 79, 86, 139 Valgudanur, Fort, 89 Varat, 11 Vasconcellos, Joao de Salazar de, 156, 161 Versova, 170 Vidurniti, 78 Viegas, Ruy L., 161 Vijayanagar, 2 Vingurla, 172 Virappa Naik, 216 Visaji Keshav, 92 Vishalgad, 90 Viswas Rao, 76, 150 Vithoji Naik Bamkar, 213 Votur, 101

c21.36

WAITE, SIR NICHOLAS, 100 Wandan, 90 Wari, 5, 172 Warna, 47 Watson, 205, 206, 209 Wellesley, Marquis of, 38, 59, 121, 127, 235 Wellington, Duke of, 134, 135, 235 Wilks, 77

c21.37

XAGI, 155

c21.38

Ximpi, 211 Yesagi Angria, 190, 192

c21.39

YADAVA DYNASTY, 1, 2 Yamuna, R., 80, 146, 147 ZAMORIN OF CALICUT, 216 Ziyafat, 35

c21.40

The first of these, the *Gospel of the Hebrews*, was used by the Jewish Christians of Palestine, and was probably a version of the Gospel of Matthew, though it contained some traditions not found in our canonical books. The *Gospel of the Egyptians* was used by the ascetic sects of Egypt, and was marked by a strong tendency towards mysticism and asceticism. The *Gospel of Peter* was used by the Docetists, and taught that Christ did not really suffer, but only appeared to do so.

c21.41

These gospels, and others like them, were not accepted by the Church as a whole, and were gradually lost or suppressed. The Church, however, felt the need for a standard collection of writings that would serve as a guide for faith and practice. This led to the formation of the New Testament canon, a process that took several centuries to complete.

c21.42

The first step in this process was the collection of the letters of Paul, which were widely circulated among the churches. Then came the four Gospels, which were accepted as the authoritative accounts of the life and teachings of Jesus. The Acts of the Apostles and the other epistles were gradually added, and finally the Book of Revelation.

c21.43

By the end of the second century, the core of the New Testament was generally accepted by the Church. The process of canonization was not a formal act of a council, but rather a gradual recognition by the churches of the writings that were most valuable for their life and worship. It was only in the fourth century that the canon was formally closed by the councils of the Church.

c21.44

The formation of the New Testament canon was a crucial event in the history of the Church. It provided a standard of faith and practice that helped to unify the Church and to protect it from the influence of heretical sects. It also ensured that the teachings of Jesus and the apostles would be preserved for future generations.