The Military System of the Marathas, with a Brief Account of Their Maritime Activities c21.30

c21.30

Sambhaji Mohite, 8 Sancho, Captain Antonio de Britto, 200 Sande, Antonio Paes de, 23, 24, 25, 28 Sandomil, Conde de, 38n Santaji Pavla, 170 Sankpal, 171 Saranjam, 49, 50, 51 Saranjamdar, 50, 51, 52, 54 Saranjam-holder, duties of, 54 Saraswati, 80 Sardeshmukhi, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38n; difference with *chauth*, 41-3; and watan, 46-7 Sardesai, 148 Sarkhel, 171, 201 Sarlaskar, 491 Sarnobat, 9, 11, 12 & n, 89, 91 Sarristadar, 35 Satara, 79, 80, 90, 92, 185 Savnur, 113; Nawab of, 113; also see Sevanore Savoyard, 122 Sekhoji, 190, 191, 192 Senapati, 10, 47, 48, 49, 56 Sena Bahadur, 49 Sena Dhurandhar, 49 & n. Sena Khaskhel, 48, 49 Sena Saheb Subha, 47, 49 & n Sevanore 135; also see Savnur Shah Alam, 74, 99 Shahjahan, 7 Shahu, 33, 34, 35, 36, 39, 42, 46, 48, 49, 76, 93, 128, 129, 130, 170, 174, 176, 183, 186, 188, 191, 201 Shankaracharya of Seringhri, 140 Shankraji Malhar, 34 Shankraji Narayan, 91 Shantaji Ghorpade, 45 Sheikh Mira, 93 Sheikh Muhammad, 18 Sher Sing, 66 Shikkdari, 35 Shirkes, 5 Shirwal, 79 Shivaji, system of recruitment of officers, 7; military organisation of, 8-10; new era from the coronation of, 91; disfavours *jahgir* system, 11-12; other reforms, 13-15, 232; equipment of army, 15-16; achievements of army, 17; and Hindu Empire, 17, 57, 61, 63; veneration for saints, 18; unable to win landowning classes but hailed by the masses, 19; not originator of *chauth*, 20; letter from Portuguese Viceroy about *chauth*, 21, 22, 23; demand of *chauth* from Surat, 25; differentiates between *chauth* and pension, 29-30; decides to collect *chauth* as in need of money, 30; protects the population of conquered area from military license, 32; did not claim *chauth* as hereditary pension, 32; undertakes to protect *chauth*-paying countries, 33; claims to be hereditary sardeshmukh, 41-2; novel ideas of, 44; functions of Peshwa under 48; *mulukhgiri* expeditions of, 59; infantry and cavalry of, 63-4, 76; and Mughal armies, 74; soldiers not allowed to share spoils, 63; officers of, 78, 81-5, 236; forts of, 79, 89, 90; structure of forts of, 78-84, 95; provisions of forts of, 86-7; attacking forts, 86; choice of soldiers, 81; artillery of, 85, 95-6; bargains for artillery, 96-9; light artillery of, 99; causes of success, 127-8; does not permit women to accompany army, 14-15, 132, 242; and astrologers, 137; indebtedness to Bahirji, 138, father of Maratha navy, 152; ports of, 153; fleet of, 154, 155-6, 157-95; captains of fleet, 160, 169, 170; and European sailors, 161-169; knowledge of defects of Maratha character, 231; on racial unity, 234; launches fleet in Arabian Sea Shivaji Naik, 187 Shivaji Rao Surve, 213 Shivapur, 79 Shivchand, 75 Shripat Bapuji, 104