Shudras in Ancient India: A Social History of the Lower Order down to circa A.D. 600 c12.22

c12.22

⁴ Kullūka interprets the term *pañcavargam* in Manu, VII. 154 as five classes of spies, including *karṣakaḥ kṣiṇavṛttiḥ* and *vāṇijakaḥ kṣiṇavṛttiḥ*. Hopkins takes the word in the sense of minister, realm, city, wealth and army (*op. cit.*, p. 69). but there does not seems to be any justification for taking the *pañcavarga* in the sense of the five elements of the state, which are generally enumerated as seven.