An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology v2.c46: T

An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology v2.c46

Language: English

T

v2.c46.1

**Tabbidi**, Dt Gulbarga. Neolithic [4.6.9]-Chalcolithic [4.14.8] and Megalithic [4.17.8] habitation site.

v2.c46.2

**Tabra**, Dt Jamnagar. Red Polished Ware [11.23].

v2.c46.3

**Tachanpatti**, Dt Pudukkottai. Megalithic [4.17.8] site. *Manual of Pudukkottai State*, 1944, 1, 1, pp. 515-8.

v2.c46.4

**Tadakanhalli**, Dt Bijapur. Site with megaliths [4.17.8].

v2.c46.5

**Tadao**, Dt Dharwar. Neolithic tools, probably of the Chalcolithic [4.14.8] complex.

v2.c46.6

**Tadas**, Dt Dharwar. Early historical [4.18.11] site. See HANDIGNUR.

v2.c46.7

**Tadbidi**, Dt Gulbarga. Ash-mound [14.3]. Sundara, A., 1971, in *Prof. Nilakanta Sastri Felicitation Vol.*, Madras.

v2.c46.8

**Taddevadi**, Dt Bijapur. Sherds of Red Polished Ware [11.23].

v2.c46.9

**Tadpatri**, Dt Anantapur. Late Stone Age (Mesolithic [4.5]) site.

v2.c46.10

**Tadul**, Dt Osmanabad. Middle (Middle Palaeolithic [4.3]) tools comprising scrapers, cores, flakes and blades.

v2.c46.11

**Taharpur**, Dt Saharanpur. OCW [11.5] and Śuṅga-Kushan and medieval wares.

v2.c46.12

**Tahdhera**, Dt Muzaffarnagar. Red ware of the Śuṅga-Kushan assemblage.

v2.c46.13

**Tainur**, Dt S. Arcot. Megalithic [4.17.8] site. Sewell, R., 1882, *Antiquarian Remains in the Presidency of Madras*, Madras, p. 211.

v2.c46.14

**Tajpur**, Dt Meerut. Red ware of Śuṅga-Kushan assemblage and medieval ware.

v2.c46.15

**Tajpura**, Dt Chittaurgarh. Rich site with a large number of cleavers but a very few handaxes on the Ruparel.

v2.c46.16

**Tajpur-Piaoli**, Dt Bulandshahr. PGW [11.14] site.

**Takalghat and Khapa** (20°54′; 78°56′), Dt Nagpur, twin Megalithic sites 32 km to the w. of Nagpur, situated on either bank of a small river Krishna, excavated by the writer on behalf of the Nagpur Univ. in 1968-9 (*IAR 1967-8*, p. 33; *1968-9*, p. 17). Khapa lying opposite Takalghat has a number of Megalithic stone circles [4.17.6] whereas Takalghat has a small habitational mound rising to about 6 m from the water level. It is well known that only a few Megalithic habitational sites have been discovered. As such the find of Takalghat as a habitation site and Khapa as the stone circle site together and opposite each other is significant. From the point of view of Megalithic typology, Khapa falls in line with other Vidarbha sites as it has only one type, ie. stone circles. JUNAPANI, MAHURJHARI and several other sites in Vidarbha have scores of stone circles but none has so far given evidence of habitation near by.

v2.c46.18

The mound at Takalghat shows that the habitation belongs all through to the Megalithic culture, though it can be divided into three phases. Phase Ia gives evidence of house floors made of rammed dark-brown clay in which circular wooden posts were sunk. In the next phase the technique of floor-making seems to have improved inasmuch as clay, fine sand and lime are used. This phase shows the evidence of walls of clay impregnated with bamboo screen. The post-holes attest to the nature of the roof which must have been of light weight. This technique of house building ramains unchanged in the last phase, i.e. Phase Ic.

v2.c46.19

All the three phases of occupation show a common ceramic culture. The constituents of this occupation are the Megalithic Black-and-red Ware [11.15.2] with several having graffiti, the micaceous dull-red ware (also encountered at MAHURJHARI, JUNAPANI, KAUNDINYAPURA I and PAUNAR I) and a few pieces of a painted ware with painting in black on dull-red surface. However by far the first is the largest in number and consists of the bowl, lid, globular pot, pot with conoidal base and cover with loop hold. The micaceous red ware comprises mostly the storage jar of medium size. All the phases give etched and non-etched carnelian and agate beads as also crystal and glass beads. The other items of material equipment of the people comprise flat rectangular axes of iron with cross fasteners, ladles and daggers. The animal bones encountered in the excavation have been identified as those of the cattle, the pig and unmistakably of the horse. It may be stated that all this equipment is also found in the stone circles at Khapa.

v2.c46.20

Khapa and its a adjacent area called Gangapur have 26 stones circles. Of these none from Khapa and three from Gangapur were excavated in two seasons. In selecting megaliths for excavation, consideration in respect of their alignment either in clusters or as isolated circles or their being near the river was taken into account.

v2.c46.21

The largest stone circle at Khapa has a diameter of 26·50 m and the smallest 12 m. The alignment of the stones and the nature of the filling is found to have been similar to the stone circles at MAHURJHARI. As at the latter site some of the stones of the circles also have a series of shallow circular cup marks. All these stone circles give evidence of three ceramic industries, viz., the Megalithic Black-and-red Ware, the micaceous red ware and the coarse red ware. All these are similar to those recovered at Takalghat not only in fabric but also in typology. However painted pottery associated with habitation at Takalghat is absent in the megaliths at Khapa.

v2.c46.22

The Khapa stone circles give evidence of sometimes one and sometimes more than one person having been buried within a circle. In several cases full-length skeletons oriented n.-s. and in some a few bone pieces have been found kept either in a pottery bowl or in one case in a copper dish. The equipment buried with the dead comprises flat rectangular axes of iron with cross, fasteners, chisels and adzes of different types, swords, lances, spears and daggers, objects of toilet like nail-parers, kitchenware like frying pans, beads of various shapes made of mostly carnelian and agate, the noteworthy among the former being those etched in white, and copper dishes with lids or covers of tapering top having a finial with a motif of either four birds perching face to face or four birds with pointed ends. No gold ornaments, like those at MAHURJHARI, have been encountered.

v2.c46.23

Another remarkable feature of the Khapa megaliths is the practice of burying the horse along with the dead. In most of the circles remains of horses have been found. The horse is seen buried along with its kit and ornaments. The former comprise iron bits and the latter some sort of copper-sheet ornament to be mounted on the face of the horse as also similar other decorative pieces crescentic in shape and kept in place on the flanks of the horse with the help of small copper tubes.

v2.c46.24

The human skeletal remains are so badly crushed that they do not warrant any observation on their physical traits. However the number of teeth in different stone circles inidcate that more than one person has been interred and that the persons possibly between the age group of 17 and 25.

v2.c46.25

The habitational deposits of Takalghat Phase Ia have given a ¹⁴C date fo 2505 ± 100 (555 B.C.) for the top horizon. It suggests a slightly earlier period for the initial horizon. Two observations are pertinent to this date. The first is that the ¹⁴C date for the Megalithic horizons in the s., as for instance HALLUR, are older than the Takalghat date, suggesting possibly the movement of the Megalithic people from the s. to Vidarbha in a later period. The second is that in view of the identity of equipment encountered in the Takalghat habitation and the Khapa stone circles the latter also can be assigned to the same period, say 6th-7th century B.C., if not earlier.

v2.c46.26

Deo, S.B., 1970, *Excavations at Takalghat & Khapa (1968-9)*, Nagpur; 1973, in *Problem of s. Indian Megaliths*, Dharwar.—S.B. DEO

v2.c46.27

**Takarwada**, Dt Ujjain. Site with Kayatha Ware [11.7].

v2.c46.28

Wakankar, V.S., 1976, in *Arch. Congress & Seminar, 1972*, Kurukshetra.

v2.c46.29

**Takari**, Dt Sangli. Tools of Middle (Middle Palaeolithic [4.3]) and Late Stone (Mesolithic [4.5] Ages.

v2.c46.30

*IAR 1962-3*.

v2.c46.31

**Takhawan**, Dt Etah. Site with PGW [11.14] and NBPW [11.16].

v2.c46.32

*IAR 1960-1*.

v2.c46.33

**Takia Dih**, Dt Deoria. Degenerate NBPW [11.16] and red ware.

v2.c46.34

*Bharati*, 8, 1962-3, p. 119.

v2.c46.35

**Takiaper**, Dt Varanasi, on the right bank of the Karamnasa, about 10 km n.-w. of Chakia, subjected to a small excavation by the writer on behalf of the Banaras Hindu Univ. in 1972, bringing to light an extensive settlement of the early centuries of the Christian era. Besides a burnt-brick phase evidence of an earlier stone structural phase in post-NBPW levels has been discovered whereas elsewhere in the Ganga valley burnt-brick structures come into vogue all of a sudden either in the late NBPW [4.18.1] levels or more commonly in the post-NBPW ones. The excavation has revealed two Pds, the early NBPW (Pd I) and post-NBPW (Pd II). A small conflagration between them denotes a break.

v2.c46.36

Pd I is represented by the black-and-red ware [11.6.4], Black-slipped Ware both plain and painted [11.13] and a few pieces of the NBPW [11.16]. The red ware is marked by shapes usually associated with the early NBPW levels at other sites, consisting mostly of the bowl and dish. Other finds include bone points, antimony rods, [18.1], pottery discs [6.7.3] and terracotta animal figurines, besides copper and few iron objects. The surface of the site is rich in microliths but in the levels assignable to this Pd only a few have been noticed. Structural remains are absent in this Pd. A quantity of animal bones have been found.

v2.c46.37

The first structural settlement seems to have begun only in Pd II, assignable to the early centuries of the Christian era. This post-NBPW settlement is most extensive and can be divided into two structural phases. In the foundation of the buildings of the early phase the use of stone is very popular, a reason being that geologically the region around Chakia forms part of the Vindhyan range. In the late phase the structures are only of large-sized baked brick. Although the working level of these two structural phases is the same at some places, there is an apparent inconsistency between the alignment and the sizes of the rooms and the direction of the opening of the buildings. In some cases the house walls of the later phase faithfully follow those of the earlier one. There appears to be a proper planning in the settlement of the early phase for the rooms are fairly large and spacious. Each stone house has two wings with two rooms in each wing. In the smaller wing, running w.-e., the sizes of the rooms are 2·15 × 2·10 m and 2·26 × 2·10 m, while in the longer axis running s.-n. they are 4·10 × 2·70 m and 1·60 × 2·20 m. In the smaller axis the two rooms are interconnected through an opening. The main entrance to these rooms is from the front corridor but there is a small opening also at the back. In the larger complex the rooms are not interconnected although there is an entrance in one of the larger rooms. The settlement of the late structural phase is very extensive, spread over the whole of the site, except in low-lying areas of the mound which perhaps served as a passage. In the late phase the remains of one of the rooms, measuring 4·90 × 2·20 m, has been exposed as also a large brick-baked floor adjoining it. A notable find from the top deposit of this phase is a seal of black stone inscribed in Brāhmī script of the 1st-2nd centuries A.D. T.N. ROY

v2.c46.38

*Janatha Shikshana Samiti, Silver Jubilee Vol.*, 1976, p. 8.

v2.c46.39

**Talaja**, Dt Bhavnagar. Large Red Polished Ware [11.23] site on the slopes of rock-cut caves. *IAR 1964-5*.

v2.c46.40

**Talala**, Dt Junagadh. Site with Red Polished Ware [11.23]. *IAR 1955-6*; *1957-8*.

v2.c46.41

**Talale**, Dt Mysore. Black-and-red Ware [11.15] and Russet-coated Painted Ware [11.22]. *IAR 1961-2*.

v2.c46.42

**Talanattam**, Dt Dharmapuri. Megalithic [4.17.9] cairn circles. *IAR 1970-1*.

v2.c46.43

**Talapura**, Dt Rupnagar. Grey ware without painting resembling the PGW [11.14] in fabric and texture. *IAR 1953-4*. Suraj Bhan, 1975, *Excavation at Mitathal & Other Explorations in the Sutlej-Yamuna Divide*, Kurukshetra, p. 122.

v2.c46.44

**Talavadi-no-timbo**, Dt Ahmadabad. Harappa [4.9] site. *IAR 1966-7*.

v2.c46.45

**Talavappatti**, Dt Salem. Megalithic [4.17.9] site with several cairns. Sewell, R., 1882, *Antiquarian Remains in the Presidency of Madras*, Madras.

v2.c46.46

**Talcher**, Dt Dhenkanal. Series I (Lower Palaeolithic [4.2]) tools. *IAR 1957-8*.

v2.c46.47

**Talegaon**¹, Dt Nasik. Early historical site [4.18.9]. *IAR 1970-1*

v2.c46.48

**Talegaon**², Dt Wardha. Middle Palaeolithic [4.3] and Mesolithic [4.5] site. *IAR 1960-1*.

v2.c46.49

**Talikot**, Dt Bijapur. Chalcolithic [4.14.8] habitation site. Megalithic [4.17.8] stone circles also occur. See BAGLUR.

v2.c46.50

**Talipparamba**, Dt Cannanore. Megalithic [4.17.10] site with rock-cut caves. *IAR 1971-2*.

v2.c46.51

**Tallakal hill**, Dt Bellary. Neolithic site yielding a chisel. Foote R.B., 1916, *Indian Prehistoric & Protohistoric Antiquities*, Madras.

v2.c46.52

**Tallihalli**, Dt Dharwar. Neolithic tools probably of the Chalcolithic [4.14.8] complex and early historical site [4.18.11] with typical pottery. See HANDIGNUR. *IAR 1958-9*.

v2.c46.53

**Tallur**, Dt Belgaum. Lower Palaeolithic [4.2] and Megalithic [4.17.8] site with circular barrows. Joshi, R.V., 1955, *Pleistocene Studies in the Malaprabha Basin*, Poona & Dharwar, pp. 22-3. *IAR 1965-6*. Sundara, A., 1975, *Early Chamber Tombs of s. India*, Delhi, pp. 15-23.

v2.c46.54

**Talmari**, Dt Raichur. Ash-mound [14.3]. *Jour. Geological Survey of Hyderabad*, 3, 1, pp. 78-82.

v2.c46.55

**Talmari-Kutuknuru**, Dt Mahbubnagar. Ash-mound [14.3] on the Talmari-Kutuknuru track. Allchin, F.R., 1963, *Neolithic Cattle-keepers of s. India*, Cambridge, pp. 8 & 67.

v2.c46.56

**Talodhi G.**, Dt Chanda. Lower Palaeoltihic [4.2] site. *IAR 1959-60*.

v2.c46.57

**Talsa**. See DHALBHUM.

v2.c46.58

**Takkolam**, Dt N. Arcot. Early Stone Age (Lower Palaeolithic [4.2] implements on the n. bank of the Kollar. Black-and-red Ware [11.15], red polished ware, large-sized bricks, ring-wells [14.15] and urn burials [4.17.8] were also found. 16 km to the e. of the village an embankment known as Kottaikararnedu with vestiges of large-sized bricks and medieval pottery was noticed. *IAR 1964-5*; *1967-8*; *1968-9*.

v2.c46.59

**Takli**, Dt Nagpur. Megaliths [4.17.6]. *IAR 1961-2*.

v2.c46.60

**Takli Pada**, Dt Dhule Microliths associated with ochre-coloured pottery. See DHAMDAI. *IAR 1957-8*; *1959-60*.

v2.c46.61

**Takri**, Dt Bhandara. Series II (Middle Palaeolithic [4.3]) tools. *IAR 1959-60*.

v2.c46.62

**Takriada**, Dt Ujjain. The site 5 km to the s. of NAGDA contained the characteristic Chalcolithic [4.14.5] assemblage of painted red and black-and-cream wares and microliths. *IAR 1955-6*.

v2.c46.63

**Takroda**. See CHAMBAL VALLEY.

v2.c46.64

**Takshakeswar**, Dt Mandsaur. Rock-shelter with paintings [13]. *IAR 1958-9*.

v2.c46.65

**Talagunda**, Dt Shimoga. Early historical [4.18.11] site.

v2.c46.66

**Talu**, Dt Hissar. Late Harappa [4.10] site. Silak Ram, 1972, unpublished thesis, Kurukshetra Univ.

v2.c46.67

**Talvad-Khurd**, Dt Dhule. Late Stone Age (Mesolithic [4.5]) and microlithic tools. *IAR 1960-1*.

v2.c46.68

**Talwara Khurd** (29°30′; 74°40′), Dt Hissar. Rang Mahal [11.24] site. *IAR 1966-7*; *1967-8*.

v2.c46.69

**Talwara Ther** (20°30; 74°37′), Dt Hissar. Rang Mahal [11.24] site. *IAR 1967-8*.

v2.c46.70

**Talya**, Dt Chitradurga. Lower Palaeolithic [4.2] site. Disturbed cist burial [4.17.8] with Megalithic Black-and-red Ware [11.15.3] were also found. Foote, R.B., 1916, *Indian Prehistoric & Protohistoric Antiquities*, Madras. Seshadri, M., 1956, *Stone-using Cultures of Pre- & Protohistoric Mysore*, London, p. 63. *IAR 1959-60*.

v2.c46.71

**Tamajuri**, Dt Midnapur. A shouldered celt of copper [4.11]. *Indian Antiquary*, 34, 1905, p. 232. Das Gupta, P.C., 1966, *Exploring Bengal’s Past*. Calcutta. Also information from S. Asthana.

v2.c46.72

**Tamar**, Dt Ranchi. Stone Age site yielding blades, lunates and finely worked points. *IAR 1968-9*.

v2.c46.73

**Tamasvadi**, Dt Nasik. Lower [4.2] and Middle [4.3] Palaeolithic site. Also a Chalcolithic [4.14.6] burial site. *IAR 1959-60*; *1964-5*.

v2.c46.74

**Tamatmakanhalli**, Dt Kolar. Megalithic [4.17.8] stone circles. *IAR 1970-1*.

v2.c46.75

**Tamba**, Dt Bijapur. Painted black-on-red Chalcolithic [4.14.8] pottery. See BALLOLLI. *IAR 1957-8*.

v2.c46.76

**Tamballapalle**, Dt Cuddapah. Early, Middle (Lower, Upper Palaeolithic [4.2, 3]) and Late Stone Age (Mesolithic [4.5]) tools. *IAR 1964-5*.

v2.c46.77

**Tambarahalli**, Dt Kolar. Megalithic [4.17.7] site with pit burials yielding Black-and-red Ware and red ware. Information from C. Krishnamurthy through A. Sundara.

v2.c46.78

**Tambhere**, Dt Ahmadnagar. Palaeolithic (of unspecified nature). *IAR 1959-60*.

v2.c46.79

**Tamer**, Dt Jabalpur. Microliths consisting of blades, crescents, scrapers and cores. *IAR 1958-9*.

v2.c46.80

**Tamia.** See PACHMARHI.

v2.c46.81

**Taminhal.** See MALAPRABHA VALLEY. *IAR 1956-7*.

v2.c46.82

**Tamkhani**, Dt Garhwal. Red ware of Śuṅga-Kushan assemblage. *IAR 1965-6*.

v2.c46.83

**Tamluk** (22°20′; 87°55′), Dt Midnapur, on the right bank of the Rupnarayan, identified as ancient Tāmralipta, one of the greatest sea-ports of India. The importance of Tāmralipta as a port wherefrom Indian seacraft sailed to distant lands is indicated by frequent references to it in Pāli and Sanskrit literature under different names such as Tāmralipta, Dāmalipta, Tāmralipi, Tāmraliptikā or Velākula. The city also figures in the works of Pliny (1st century A.D.) and Ptolemy (2nd century A.D.) as Taluctae and Tamalites respectively. Besides being a prosperous commercial town it was also a centre of religion and culture. The city was visited by Fa-hien, Hiuen Tsang and I Tsing who left glowing accounts of this flourishing centre.

v2.c46.84

Fieldwork has not only highlighted its importance but has established the antiquity of the site. The excavation conducted by the ASI in 1954-5 under M.N. Deshpande suggested that the site had been under occupation from the Neolithic [4.6.6] to modern times (*IAR 1954-5*, p. 19). Though the ancient deposits have been greatly disturbed by haphazard diggings in modern times, yet the excavation provided a complete culture sequence of the historical times in W. Bengal.

v2.c46.85

At the lowest level occurred Neolithic celts with an ill-fired grey ware. Pd II commencing after a break was coeval with Maurya and Śuṅga times. Sherds of the NBPW [11.16] and associated Black-slipped Ware [11.13] appeared in the lower level while in the upper level characteristic red ware with typical terracotta figurines and cast copper coins [3.1] of the centuries preceding Christ were found. The introduction of the Rouletted Ware [11.21] and the Red Polished Ware [11.23] marked the beginning of Pd III, which is dated to the first wo centuries of the Christian era. The occurrence of the sprinkler type indicates trade contacts with the Roman world. A brick-built stepped tank and ringed soak well [14.15] provide evidence of the structural activity of this Pd. Pd IV, covering Kushan and Gupta times, was identified by typical terracotta figurines. The lower part of a beautiful dancing girl with her lyrical grace and arrangement of transparent drapery is the most enchanting find of the early Gupta period. The overlying deposit though much disturbed yielded stray pieces of sculptures belonging to Pāla and Sena times, while the top levels had remains of brick structures of the 18th and 19th centuries.

v2.c46.86

The urban aspects of the city in historical periods were thus amply demonstrated by plentitude of antiquities, mainly terracotta plaques and figurines, coins and other finds like beads of semiprecious stones. But the hiatus between the Neolithic and historical periods remained unresolved and called for further investigation.

v2.c46.87

Subsequent exploration in the neighbourhood of Tamluk by the Directorate of Arch., W. Bengal, has yielded a rich crop of Chalcolithic [4.14.4] pottery including white-painted black-and-red ware [11.6.5], microliths and a number of other antiquities from the eroded banks of the Rupnarayan river up to a distance of about 16 km from the town. The finds, now preserved in the Tamralipta Museum, include carnelian intaglios with non-Indian motifs and a unique bone harpoon, unilaterally barbed, which, in the n. Indian context, is assignable to the early part of the second millennium B.C. or earlier.

v2.c46.88

A reappraisal was made in 1975 when excavation yielded at the lowest level of Tamluk a charred deposit containing Chalcolithic assemblages such as the black-and-red ware in characteristic shapes, tiny Neolithic celts and a vericty of bone implements. The Chalcolithic culture, with its Neolithic element, is succeeded by the iron-using culture without any break. The black-and-red ware of degenerated veriety continues while in the upper level are found the NBPW and associated black-slipped ware. The remains of a burnt floor of rammed brick grits and a number of post-holes provide structural evidence of the Pd. The overlying occupations have all been found to have been destroyed by recurring floods, as evidenced by silt deposits with thick patches of accumulated pottery of Śuṅga-Kushan times. The topmost deposits have yielded remains of open hearths of salt factories of modern times. Though the finds are sketchy due to the limited scope of the dig, the excavation has produced concrete evidence of the Neolithic epoch, merging the gap between Neolithic and historical times. —S.K. MUKHERJEE

v2.c46.89

**Tamolia,** Dt Singhbhum. Microlithic tools (of unspecified nature). *IAR 1959-60.*

v2.c46.90

**Tamsa,** Dt Nanded. Middle Stone Age (Mesolithic [4.3]) site. *IAR 1970-1.*

v2.c46.91

**Tamsi,** Dt Chandrapur. Early Stone Age (Lower Palaeolithic [4.2]) site. *IAR 1970-1.*

v2.c46.92

**Tanda¹**, Dt Aurangabad. Middle Palaeolithic [4.2] and Mesolithic [4.5] site. *IAR 1965-6.*

v2.c46.93

**Tanda²,** Dt Meerut. PGW [11.14] and NBPW [11.16] site on the left bank of the Yamuna. *IAR 1968-9.* Sharma, R.P., 1976, in *Arch. Congress & Seminar, 1972*, Kurukshetra.

v2.c46.94

**Tandari,** Dt Dharmapuri. Megalithic [4.17.9] burials and stone circles. *IAR 1968-9.*

v2.c46.95

**Tandigudi,** Dt Madurai. Megalithic [4.17.9] site. Foote, R.B., 1916, *Indian Prehistoric & Protohistoric Antiquities*, Madras, p. 128.

v2.c46.96

**Tandival,** Dt Ambala. PGW [11.14] and NBPW [14.16] site. *IAR 1963-4.*

v2.c46.97

**Tandulnair,** Dt Ahmadnagar. Series II (Middle Palaeolithic [4.3]) tools and microliths of the Chalcolithic [4.14.6] assemblage. *IAR 1959-60.*

v2.c46.98

**Tandulwadi,** Dt Ahmadnagar. Site on the Mula with Series II (Middle Palaeolithic [4.3]) tool and microliths. *IAR 1958-9.*

v2.c46.99

**Tandwal,** Dt Ambala. PGW [11.14] site. *IAR 1964-5.* Suraj Bhan, 1975, *Excavation at Mitathal & Other Explorations in the Sutlej-Yamuna Divide*, Kurukshetra, p. 123.

v2.c46.100

**Tandrapad,** Dt Kurnool. Site on the left bank of the Tungabhadra with Series I and II (Lower and Middle Palaeolithic [4.2, 3]) tools. *IAR 1959-60.*

v2.c46.101

**Tangadgi,** Dt Bijapur. Chalcolithic [4.17.8] and also early historical site with yellow-slipped ware, Black-and-red Ware [11.15] and Russet-coated Painted Ware [11.22]. *IAR 1972-3.* Information from A. Sundara.

v2.c46.102

**Tangadu,** Dt Dharwar. Early historical [4.18.11] site. *IAR 1960-1.*

v2.c46.103

**Tangal,** Dt Chingleput. Early historical [4.18.12] site. *Man*, 1930, article 136.

v2.c46.104

**Tangalachcri,** Dt Madurai. Microliths including rectangular scrapers, cores with ripple-flaking and waste flakes and cores were found together with painted black-on-red and red and black wares. Urn burials [4.17.9] were also found. *IAR 1958-9.*

v2.c46.105

**Tankaria,** (21°45′; 69°35′), Dt Jamnagar. Late Harappa [4.10] site corresponding to RANGPUR II B and II C. Also Red Polished Ware [11.23] site. *AI*, 18 & 19, 1962 & 1963, p. 207. *IAR 1957-8.*

v2.c46.106

**Tant,** Dt Saharanpur. OCW [11.5] site. *IAR 1965-6.*

v2.c46.107

**Tanti Silwali,** Dt Ranchi. Early Stone Age (Lower Palaeolithic [4.2]) tools like choppers, handaxes and scrapers were found in the valley of the Subarnarekha. *IAR 1964-5.*

v2.c46.108

**Tantiyana,** Dt Banas-Kantha. Historical site (of unspecified nature). *IAR 1972-3.*

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**Tanyi,** Dt Gurgaon. PGW [11.14] and early historical site. Punia, D.S., 1976, unpublished thesis, Kurukshetra Univ.

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**Tapavan,** Dt Midnapur. Lower Palaeolithic [4.2] tools. *IAR 1968-9.*

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**Tapi.** *See* TAPTI.

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**Tapiala,** Dt Amritsar. Śuṅga-Kushan pottery. *IAR 1964-5.*

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**Tapikhadkula,** Dt Dhule. Palaeolithic and microlithic tools (of unspecified nature) and Chalcolithic [4.14.7] remains. *IAR 1958-9.*

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**Tapovan,** Dt Nasik. Lower Palaeolithic [4.2] site. *IAR 1959-60.*

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**Tappal,** Dt Aligarh. PGW [11.14] site. *IAR 1962-3.*

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**Tapti, Tapi valley.** With its source on a plateau in the Satpura hills at 21°49′ and 70°15′ near Multai, the Tapti flows mostly over the .volcanic (Deccan Trap) rocks through Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and Gujarat and traverses a distance of nearly 725 km. Its lower course of about 50 km in Dt Surat is tidal.

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The c. Tapti valley has preserved lacustral and fluvial deposits the maximum thickness of which is around 300 m in the piedmont zone of the Satpuras. At certain places bed-rock basalt is present 90 m below mean sea level. It appears that during the early Tertiary times there existed a semimarine environment which was gradually replaced by low-energy fluvio-lacustral conditions in the later Tertiary. High-energy fluvial conditions of the Pleistocene [ 9.8.2] are represented by alternations of gravels, sands and silts in the upper 100 m portion of the alluvium. The exposed (about 30 m) alluvium consists of calcreted, brownish silts, sands and cobbly pebble gravels. Two cut-and-fill terraces are commonly seen in the entire valley. The older fill forms a conspicuous surface at elevations ranging in height from 15 to 25 m above the modern bed level. The younger fill is inset into the older fill. A few fossil bones of *Bos*. sp. along with the Middle Palaeolithic [4.3] tools found in the calcreted gravels suggest a late Pleistocene age for the major portion of the exposed older alluvium of the river.

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The presence of hot springs and regional lineaments in the source regions of the Aner, a n. tributary of the Tapti, and deeply entrenched rejuvenated course of the modern Tapti indicate tectonic instability in the region.

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Little archaeological exploration has been done on the Tapti proper. The central Tapti valley in Dt Dhule however has been found to be rich in Stone Age sites. This tract is marked by thick alluvium of nearly 60 m consisting of cross-bedded sandy gravel and silt. The Tapti and its tributaries have entrenched their valleys through these sediments which are exposed on steep cliffs. At places the sediments show three phases of deposition each consisting of gravel overlain by a silt or clay bed.

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No Lower Palaeolithic [4.2] site has been so far found on the Tapti river proper. But the valleys of its tributaries like the Kan-Panjra and the Gang-nala at the confluence of the Purna with the Tapti near Edlabad in Dt Jalgaon have proved to be rich in Stone Age sites. At BHADNE-YESAR (20°50′; 74°19′) excavation has uncovered a sequence of Stone Age cultures. Here the Lower Palaeolithic industries consisting of handaxes, cleavers and other associated tools are made on basalt and dolerite. The Middle Palaeolithic [4.3] and Mesolithic [4.5] artefacts are made on chert, jasper, chalcedony and the like material. A few of the Mesolithic sites are found on the Tapti, some of them factory sites. PRAKASH and SAVALDA are two important Chalcolithic sites located in this region. Several surface scatters of Chalcolithic [4.14.6] and Megalithic [11.15] pottery in this area show extensive habitation during this period.

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Some important sites in Dt Dhule are: BHADNE (20°50′; 74°19′); BHADVAD-KHURD (21°20′; 74°25′); UMAJ (21°21′; 74°65′); PRAKASH (21°30′; 74°21′); PIMPLAS (21°30′; 74°10′); and OJHARADA (21°15′; 74°10′).

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Adyalkar, P.G., 1975, *Palaeogeography, Framework of Sedimentation & Groundwater Potentiality of the Upland Alluvial Valleys of India*, Bombay. Sali, S.A., 1970, in *Jour. Asiatic Soc. Bombay*, 39-40, pp. 157-67.—R.V. JOSHI

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**Tarabad**, Dt Ahmadnagar. Microliths possibly of Chalcolithic [4.14.7] association. *IAR 1960-1*.

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**Tarabanahalli**, Dt Bangalore. Russet-coated Painted Ware [11.22]. *IAR 1960-1*.

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**Taradaha**, Dt Allahabad. Site with Neolithic [4.6.3] celts. *IAR 1969-70*.

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**Taradale**, Dt Mysore. Megalithic [4.17.8] habitation site yielding Black-and-red Ware [11.15]. *IAR 1965-6*.

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**Taragarh-I** and **-II**, Dt Amritsar. Grey ware, black-and-red ware [11.6] and Black-slipped Ware [11.13]. *IAR 1962-3; 1963-4*.

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**Taraghada**, Dt Rajkot. Harappa site near Rayadi. See DUMIANA. *IAR 1958-9*.

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**Taraghra**, Dt Bhavnagar. Early historical site [4.18.2] with Red Polished Ware [11.23]. *IAR 1955-6*.

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**Tarak-Daita-no-Tekro**, Dt Kaira. Red Polished Ware [11.23] site. *IAR 1964-5*.

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**Tarakulawa**, Dt Deoria. Tarakulawa-I yielded red and black wares and sculptures, while Tarakulawa-II had black and red wares. *Bharati*, 8, 1962-3, p. 119.

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**Tarana**, Dt Jamnagar. Site in the Aji valley with Harappa Ware [11.18] and coarse corrugated ware. *IAR 1960-1*.

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**Taraon¹**, Dt Ghazipur. Site with Black-slipped Ware [11.13] similar to that from RAJGHAT¹. *IAR 1962-3*.

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**Taraon²**, Dt Jaunpur. Mound yielding sherds of the Black-slipped Ware [11.13] and fine grey and medieval glazed wares. *IAR 1966-7*.

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**Tarapheni valley**, Dt Midnapur. Microliths comprising blades, scrapers and points. *IAR 1963-4*.

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**Tarawat**, Dt Udaipur. Microliths, black-and-red ware [11.6.2] and associated pottery. *IAR 1956-7*.

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**Tardehi**, Dt Damoh. Lower and Middle Palaeolithic [4.2,3] site on Bearma river. *IAR 1958-9. AI*, 17, 1961, pp. 5-36.

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**Targaon,** Dt Satara. Middle (Middle Palaeolithic [4.3]), and Late Stone Age (Mesolithic [4.5]) tools. *IAR 1968-9.*

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**Tarkadu-Periyatanda,** Dt Salem. Extensive Neolithic [4.6.10] site on the Semmali Tank yielding a celt and bowl of burnished grey ware painted with an ochrous band. *IAR 1972-3.*

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**Tarkhanewala-Dera,** Dt Ganganagar. Harappa site [4.9] in the SARASVATĪ VALLEY. Ghosh, A., 1952, in *Bull. National Inst. Sciences in India*, 1, p. 41.

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**Tarlaguda,** Dt Bastar. Early and Middle Stone (Lower and Middle Palaeolithic [4.2, 3] Age site. *Arch. Congress & Seminar, 1972*, Kurukshetra, 1976.

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**Tarlapadu,** Dt Prakasam. Megalithic [4.17.9] site. Sewell, R., 1882, *Antiquarian Remains in the Presidency of Madras*, Madras, p. 138.

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**Tarmanhalli,** Dt Bangalore. Russet-coated Painted ware [11.22] *AI*, 4, 1947-8, p. 310.

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**Tarnatmand,** Dt Nilgiri. Megalithic [4.17.9] site. Foote, R.B., *Indian Prehistoric & Protohistoric Antiquities*, Madras, p. 16.

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**Tarnia,** Dt Chhindwara. Rock-shelters [13]. *Madhya Pradesh Ki Ruparekha*, p. 40.

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**Tarpada Old,** Dt Bhavnagar. Red Polished Ware [11.23] site in the Kalubhar valley. *IAR 1960-1.*

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**Tarsang,** Dt Panch Mahals. Site with Late Stone Age Mesolithic [4.5]) tools and microliths (of unspecified nature). Also early historical [4.18.2] settlement yielding Red Polished Ware [11.23], black-and-red ware, brick structures, beads, bangles and terracotta objects. *IAR 1971-2. Arch. Congress & Seminar, 1972*, Kurukshetra, 1976.

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**Tarur, Tharur,** Dt Palghat. Megalithic [4.17.10] site. *IAR 1969-70.*

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**Tarwat,** Dt Udaipur. White-painted black-and-red ware (of AHAR² affiliation [11.6.2] in the Berach valley. *IAR 1962-3.*

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**Tatamakanahalli,** Dt Kolar. Megalithic [4.17.8] site with cists and cairn circles. Information from C. Krishnamurthy through A. Sundara.

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**Tatana,** Dt Bhavnagar. Harappa [4.9] and early historical [4.18.2] site. *IAR 1971-2.*

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**Tatarlapalle,** Dt Krishna. Site with dolmens [4.17.7]. Sewell, R., 1882, *Antiquarian Remains in the Presidency of Madras*, Madras.

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**Tatarpur,** Dt Birbhum. Microliths (of unspecified nature). *IAR 1962-3.*

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**Tatarpur-Kalan,** Dt Saharanpur. Harappa [4.9] site. *IAR 1964-5.*

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**Taticherla,** Dt Kurnool. Black-and-red (Megalithic?) [11.15.3]) Ware. *IAR 1965-6.*

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**Tattanur,** Dt Chingleput. Port-holed cists [4.17.9]. *AI*, 4, 1947-8, p. 306.

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**Tauli,** Dt Saharanpur. OCW [11.15] site. *IAR 1965-6.*

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**Tavalam¹,** Dt Chittoor. Megalithic [4.17.7] stone circles and dolmens. *IAR 1963-4.*

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**Tavalam²,** Dt Cuddapah. Megalithic [4.17.7] site with dolmens. Sewell, R, 1882, *Antiquarian Remains in the Presidency of Madras*, Madras.

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**Tavaragera,** Dt Raichur. Chalcolithic [4.14.8] and Megalithic [4.17.8] burial site. (Same as following?) *IAR 1965-6.*

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**Tawargeri,** Dt Raichur. Chalcolithic [4.14.8], Megalithic [4.17.8] and early historical [4.18.11] site. Also rock bruisings [13]. (Same as preceding?) Sundara, A., 1975, *Early Chamber Tombs of s. India*, Delhi, pp. 66-7.

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**Tayinippatti,** Dt Pudukkottai. Port-holed cists [4.17.9]. *AI*, 4, 1947-8, p. 307.

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**Teehun,** Dt Lohit. Stone Age site on the high terraces between 914·4 and 1219·50 m yielding choppers, a protohandaxe, cleavers, scrapers, flakes and cores. A few Neolithic [4.6.6] implements including a shouldered celt were also found. *IAR 1969-70. Arch. Congress & Seminar*, Nagpur, 1972.

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**Teggihal,** Dt Belgaum. Lower Palaeolithic [4.2] site. Joshi, R.V., 1955, *Pleistocene Studies in the Malaprabha Valley*, Poona & Dharwar, p. 23.

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**Tejpur,** Dt Bharuch. Mesolithic [4.5] site. *IAR 1971-2.*

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**Tejpur-ka-Kot,** Dt Ghazipur. Black-and-red ware [11.6.2]. *IAR 1963-4.*

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**Tekadepaiku,** Dt Chanda. Lower Palaeolithic [4.2] site. *IAR 1959-60.*

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**Tekal,** Dt Kolar. Neolithic [4.6.9]-cum-Megalithic [4.17.8] settlement yielding a polished stone axe and a few sherds of the pale grey were. Several cairn circles were also noticed. *IAR 1967-8.*

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**Tekkalakotta** (15°32'; 76°53'), Dt Bellary, a predominantly Neolithic [4.6.9] site with some straggling remains of the later Megalithic [4.17.8] or early historical period in the upper levels, excavated in 1963-4 by H.D. Sankalia and M.S. Nagaraja Rao (*IAR 1963-4*, p. 24). The Neolithic culture was of two phases, early and late, the later one being Chalcolithic [4.17.8] in character. The early phase had microliths of chert and other siliceous stones, pecked and ground tools, bone artefacts, beads of steatite and semiprecious stones and gold and copper objects. Fractional burial without grave furnishing was the norm, the burial marked by a granite boulder over the pit. The paintings on pottery were post-firing. The ceramics was handmade employing the beater-and-anvil method. Uniformity of the surface was achieved by scraping off unwanted clay. Quartz powder and in some instance mica dust seem to have been used as *dégraissant*. The clay was finer than in the succeeding phase. The surface treatment comprised burnishing of the exterior and as far as hand could reach on the inside as well, besides the application of slip and roughening. Applied decoration, rarely resorted to, consisted of finger-tips. A few grey-ware pots, painted or unpainted, has perforated bottoms. Painting on the rims of the bowl and spout and external sides of the carinated vessel was confined to burnished grey ware, the designs being bands, curvilinear strokes, etc. The pigments were black, purple or violet and the paintings were executed after firing. The forms included the globular jar with flaring rim, bowl, cup, lid and goblet in the pale-grey ware and spouted vessel, kettle, storage jar, bowl with or without spout , shallow dish, urn with flaring rim in brown and storage jar in buff ware.

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In the later phase, besides the ceramics of the earlier phase, two industries—the black-and-red and dull-red wares—appeared; the former with a solitary white-painted specimen was confined to burials and seems to be turned on slow wheel. The dull-red ware was the major industry now. Paintings were executed before, firing, the pigments used being black and violet. The designs comprised horizontal and curvilinear bands. There was no deviation in the surface treatment. The representative shapes were the globular pot, jar, spouted vessel, basin, etc. Shapes in the black-and-red ware were the bowl and dish. Paintings in white on the inner side of the vessel consisted of vertical strokes.

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The excavated houses or huts fall into three categories: (1) circular, with lower portions built of wattle and daub and with conical thatched roof resting on bamboos or wooden posts planted into the red *murram*; (2) circular, with sides partially supported or buttressed by heavy stone boulders but otherwise similar to the above; and (3) square or rectangular structures built against huge boulders for support and stability. An example of a circular house having post-holes at intervals ranging from 23 to 27 cm had a small refuse-pit slightly away from the structure and contained animal bones and other dumps. Another and bigger one was surrounded and buttressed by boulders. The depressions in the floors were filled up with stone chips levelled and then platered over with mud. Sometimes the roof was supported by a single central pillar/post and the sides were made of bamboo screens plastered with mud. Such houses together with the rectangular ones belong to the later phase. For placing legged storage jars flat stones were utilized. Rectangular platforms of baked earth with circular pot-rests also served the same purpose. It would be interesting to observe that the present-day Boyas of Tekkalakotta still construct circular huts with conical thatched roofs.

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Burials were inside or even outside on the periphery of residences. Inhumation, fractional or extended, was the normal mode. Extended burials with grave goods was usual practice, the orientation being n.-s. Interment in multiple urns was also in vogue. Analysis of the skeletal and cranical remains has revealed a mixed population of Mediterranean and proto-Australoid stock, the former element predominating.

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The stone tools fall into two categories: ground and pecked tools, and microliths. The former can be further classified into edge and non-edge tools. Igneous and metamorphic rocks like diorite, dolerite and basalt were used in the manufacture of edge tools. Typologically they are axes, chisels, chopping tools, wedges, points, etc. Most of these are pecked and ground and exhibit use marks. Instances of re-used axes are not wanting. Non-edge tools comprising hammers, pounders, axe-hammers, fabricators, dabbers, anvils, etc., are of coarse-grained rocks like granitic gneiss. The microliths are fashioned out of siliceous stones, chert being the major raw material and opal being rare. The repertoire comprise blades—parallel-sided, blunted-backed, serrated etc.,—lunates, trapezes, triangles, scrapers, flakes, flakes with crested-guiding ridge [16.5.2], borers, points and fluted cores. Marks of use and retouch are noticed on the artefacts.

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The bone tools, manufactured out of long bones, ribs, matatarsals, metacarpals and phalanges of animals, consist of chisel, scraper, points, etc. Besides antlers have been also utilized as tools.

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Vary few metal objects were recovered, the metals being gold and copper. In the early phase two (one broken) coiled ear ornament or pendant of gold with solid ends were found. The solitary copper axe of this phase recalls the JORWE example. In the succeeding phase copper was represented by coiled spiral of flat copper, a wire, a coiled ring and nail-head were the copper objects recovered.

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The beads were of steatite and semiprecious stones, carnelian being the major material. Shell and glass were also used. The shapes were disc in steatite and short bicone, barrel, cylinder and circular in other materials. The terracotta objects were human torsos, bulls, lamps, holed and plain discs and oval and ground-edge potsherds.

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Cattle, sheep, molluscs, rodents and tortoises were part of the dietary. Bones were split for marrow; charred bones indicate meat being roasted. Although there is no evidence for cultivation of cereals, yet from the evidence of sites of comparable cultures in this region we may conjecture that cereals were cultivated. However charred *kulti* (*Dolichos lablab*) attest to its cultivation.

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Mat-weaving was practised.

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The Neolithic culture of Tekkalakotta exhibits affinity with the c. Indian [4.14.5] and upper Deccan [4.14.6] Chalcolithic in handmade painted grey and black-and-red wares, use crested-guiding ridge technique for the removal of flakes, circular houses with bamboo posts and wattle and daub walls and also burial practices, particularly urn-burials. An overall assessment would warrant placing the site in the upper Neolithic of the Karnataka region. ¹⁴C dates range from between 1540 ± 100B.C. and 1780 ± 105 B.C. for the early phase and 1610 ± 140 B.C. for the later phase.

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*Current Science*, 34, 13, 1965, pp. 394-7. Nagaraja Rao, M.S., & Malhotra, K.C., *Stone Age Hill Dwellers of Tekkalakotta*, Poona, 1965. Sankalia, H.D., 1974, *Prehistory & Protohistory of India & Pakistan*, Poona, p. 515. K.S. RAMACHANDRAN

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Tekkattur, Dt Pudukkottai. Megalithic [4.17.9] site. *Manual of Pudukkottai State*, 1944, 1, 2, p. 126.

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Tekkellapadu, Dt Krishna. The basement of an ancient structure and a portion of a pillar resembling those of the Amaravati *stūpa* were unearthed. *IAR 1956-7*.

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Tekwada, Dt Jalgaon, on the right bank of the Girna opposite the site of BAHAL. Four burials, three of them urn burials and one a pit burial, were excavated here by M.N. Deshpande of the ASI in 1956-7 (*IAR 1956-7*, p. 18). Of the urn burials one was disturbed but the other two each consisted of a large thick jar covered with a bowl. Both contained a few bones, seemingly of children; one had in addition two and the other five bowls of black-and-red ware [11.6], some of them with graffiti [20.1]. In one of the jars were found a few beads of paste, a spherical bead of carnelian and a circular tabular bead of steatite. The pit-burial, sunk deep into the yellow clay underlying the Black Cotton Soil [9.1], had the skeleton of an adult oriented n.-s., with two posts, one of fine grey ware and the other black-and-red, near its feet. These pots, together with a red-slipped globular painted in black, indicates that they belonged to Pd II B of BAHAL.