The Religions of India c27: Bibliography

The Religions of India c27

Language: English

c27.s1 General Works — 4 parts
c27.s2 Vedic Religion — 83 parts
c27.s3 Jainism — 4 parts
c27.s4 Buddhism — 19 parts
c27.s5 Hinduism — 8 parts
c27.s6 Wild Tribes — 7 parts
c27.s7 Geography, India and the West — 7 parts

Bibliography

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¹ This bibliography is meant only to orient the reader in regard to exegetical literature. It is not complete, nor does it give editions of texts. The order follows in general that of the chapters, but the second and last paragraphs respectively must be consulted for interpretation and geography. Works that cover several fields are placed under the literature of the first. The special studies on Vedic divinities have been arranged alphabetically.

General Works

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Journals : Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (JRAS.);² Journal of the German Oriental Society (Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, ZDMG.); Journal Asiatique (JA.); Journal of the American Oriental Society (JAOS.); Branch-Journals of the JRAS.; Calcutta Review; Madras Journal; Indian Antiquary (IA.). Some of the articles in the defunct Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes (ZKM.), and in the old Asiatick Researches (AR.) are still worth reading. Besides these, the most important modern journals are the transactions of the royal Austrian, Bavarian, Prussian, and Saxon Academies, the Muséon and the Revue de l'histoire des religions. Occasional articles bearing on India's religions or mythology will be found in the American Journal of Philology (AJP.); the Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes (WZKM.); the Babylonian and Oriental Record (BOR.); Kühn's Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung (KZ.); Bezzenberger's Beiträge (BB.); and the Indogermanische Forschungen (IF.).

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² On account of the inconvenient form in which appeared the earlier numbers of the JRAS. we cite the Old Series only by date. All references without date refer to the New Series (vol. i, NS., 1864).

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Histories, Studies, etc.: Prinsep, Essays (Indian Antiquities); Lassen, Indische Alterthumskunde. Histories of India by Elphinstone (religious material, chapters iv book i, and iv book ii), by Elliot, by Marshman (complements Elphinstone), and by Wheeler (unreliable); The Rulers of India; Hunter’s Indian Empire and Brief History. Mill’s excellent History of India is somewhat prejudiced. Dutt’s History of Civilization in Ancient India is praiseworthy (1890). Invaluable are the great descriptive Archaeological Surveys by Cunningham, Burgess, and Bühler, and Hunter’s Statistical Account of Bengal. Literary History :¹ Colebrooke, Essays, reëdited by Cowell, with notes by Whitney; Wilson, Essays; Weber, Indische Studien (IS.); Benfey, Orient and Occident (OO.); Müller, Ancient Sanskrit Literature (ASL.), Science of Religion; Weber, Vorlesungen über Indische Literaturgeschichte (also translated), Indische Streifen, Indische Skizzen; L. von Schroeder, Indiens Literatur und Cultur; Whitney, Oriental and Linguistic Studies, Language and the Study of Language; Duncker, Geschichte des Alterthums (third volume, may be bought separately); Williams, Indian Wisdom (inaccurate but readable).

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¹ On the artistic side Emil Schlagintweit’s great work, Indien in Wort und Bild, contains much of interest to the student of religious paraphernalia. See also below under wild tribes.

Vedic Religion

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Literature : Roth, Zur Literatur und Geschichte des Weda;² Benfey, Vedica und Verwandtes; Zimmer, Altindisches Leben (AIL.); Rājendralala Mitra, Indo-Aryans (unreliable); Bergaigne, La Religion Védique (also JA. ix, xiii); De Gubernatis, Letture sopra la Mitologia Vedica; Pischel and Geldner, Vedische Studien;³ Regnaud, Le Rig Veda et les origines de la mythologie indo-européenne, and Les hymnes du Rig Veda, sont-ils prières? (Ann. d. Mus. Guimet, Bibl. d’études, t. i, and special studies). Regnaud’s point of view renders nugatory most of what he writes on the Veda.⁴ The most useful collection of Vedic and Brahmanic Texts that illustrate Hindu Mythology and Religion is to be found in Muir’s Original Sanskrit Texts (OST.), especially the fourth and fifth volumes.¹ For the Sacred Books of the East (SBE.) see items below.

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² Roth, Morality of the Veda; Whitney, Result of Vedic Researches (JAOS. iii. 289 and 331); Whitney, History of the Vedic Texts, ib. iv. 245.

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³ Under this title Roth has an essay (on the comparison of texts), KZ. xxvi. 45.

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⁴ See below. Defence of the same by the author, WZKM. vii. 103.

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¹ JRAS. i. 51 ff., and subsequent volumes, Contributions to a Knowledge of the Vedic Theogony and Mythology and Progress of the Vedic Religion toward Abstract Conceptions of the Deity.

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Translations of the Rig Veda: Complete, by Grassmann and by Ludwig; partial, by Roth, Benfey, Langlois, Bergaigne; in English chiefly by Wilson, Müller, Muir, Peterson, Griffith. Of these the German translation of Grassmann is often inaccurate;² that of Ludwig, often unintelligible. Benfey has translated a number of specimens, OO., BB., i, vii, and in Kleinere Schriften. The incomplete translation of Wilson has been carried on by Cowell; those of Peterson and Griffith are publishing in India; Langlois' is useless. Müller's partial translations will be found in various volumes, Ancient Sanskrit Literature, India: What Can it Teach Us, Chips, Hibbert Lectures, JRAS. ii. 448, iii. 199, etc.; and all the Hymns to the Maruts, SBE. xxxii. Whitney has translated the cosmogonic hymn, PAOS., May, 1882; and Deussen has just published the philosophical hymns, Geschichte der Philosophie, i, 1. A group of Vedic hymns in English dress will be found in Muir, OST. v.; extracts (without connection) are given by Bergaigne, in La Religion Védique, and special essays in JA. (above). In German a capital little collection is the Siebzig Lieder of Geldner and Kaegi. The best general introductory manual for the study of the Rig Veda, accompanied with frequent translations, is Kaegi's Der Rig Veda (translated into English by Arrowsmith).

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² It cannot be too much emphasized that Grassmann's translation should never be used for comparative purposes. At the same time, for a general understanding of the contents of the whole Rig Veda it is the only book that can be recommended. Ludwig's translation is so uncouth that without a controlling knowledge of the original it is often meaningless.

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Translations of the Atharva Veda are all partial. The handiest collection is Grill's Hundert Lieder des Atharva Veda. Specimens will be found translated by Aufrecht, IS. i. 121 (book xv); (Roth) Bruce, JRAS. 1862, p. 321 (book xii. 1); Kuhn, Indische und Germanische Segenssprüche, KZ. xiii. 49, 113; Weber, IS. iv. 393, v. 195, 218, xiii. 129, xvii. 178 (books i-iii, xiv); Grohmann, ib. ix. 381; Ludwig, vol. iii, of his translation of the Rig Veda; Zimmer, AIL.;

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Victor Henry, books vii and xiii (Les hymnes Rohitas);¹ Bloomfield, Seven Hymns, and Contributions AJP. vii. 466, xi. 319, xii. 414, JAOS. xv. 143, xvi. 1; ZDMG. xlviii. 541; Florenz, BB. xii. 249 (book vi.). Of The Sāma Veda: Stevenson (1842) in English (inaccurate) and Benfey (1848) in German have made translations. On the Yajur Veda see Schroeder, Literatur und Cultur, and below.

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¹ Bloomfield, AJP. xii. 429. Compare also Regnaud, Le Mythe de Rohita. The same author has published various Vedic articles in the Rev. de l'histoire des religions, vols. xv-xxvi. Whitney's complete translation of AV. will soon appear.

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Vedic Mythology: Windischmann, Ursagen der Arischen Völker, Bay. Ak., 1858; Kuhn, KZ. iv. 88, Herabkunft des Feuers (Prometheus);² Roth, Die höchsten Götter der Arischen Völker, ZDMG. vi. 67 (ib. vii. 607); Wilson, Preface of Langlois; Cox, Aryan Mythology; Whitney, Oriental and Linguistic Studies, ii. p. 149, JAOS. iii. 291, 331; Müller, Second Series of Science of Language, Biographies of Words.³ General interpretation of divinities, Müller, Muir, Bergaigne, Kaegi, Pischel-Geldner, loc. cit. The last books on the subject are Oldenberg's scholarly volume, Die Religion des Veda (note, p. 571, above), and Phillip's The Teaching of the Vedas (1895), the work of a charlatan.

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² Sexual side of fire-cult; whirlwind of fire, Mātariçvan, Schwartz, KZ. xx. 202; compare Hillebrandt, ZDMG. xxxiii. 248.

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³ Neisser's Vorvedisches im Veda, BB. xvii. 244, is not a mythological study.

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Special Studies of Vedic Divinities:

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Aditi: Roth, IS. xiv. 392; Hillebrandt, Ueber die Göttin Aditi; Müller, SBE. xxxii. 241; Colinet, Étude le mot Aditi, Muséon, xii. 81. Ādityas, Roth, ZDMG. vi. 67 (above); Darmesteter, Ormazd et Ahriman.

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Agni: L. von Schroeder, Apollon-Agni, KZ. xxix. 193⁴ (see epic, below).

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⁴ Apollon here is Saparyenya, 'worshipful.' This derivation is attacked by Froehde, Apollon, BB. xix. 230 (compare Fick, ib. xviii. 138), who derives Apollon from πέλλων, 'word,' comparing ἀπελλάζειν, 'conciliare,' pell being 'spell' (in Gospel, etc.), 'inter-pellare.' Thus Apollo would be 'prophet,' 'wârspello.' On vahni, Agni, compare Neisser, Vedica, BB. xviii. 301 (xix. 120, 248).

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Apsaras (see Gandharvas).

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Aryaman (Açvins, Mitra, etc.): Bollensen, ZDMG. xli. 494.

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Asura as Asen, Schrader, p. 599; P. von Bradke, Dyāus Asura. See Dyāus.

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Açvins : Myriantheus, Die Açvins oder Arischen Dioskuren ; not Dioskuroi, Pischel, Vedische Studien, Preface, p. xxvii; as constellation, etc., Benfey, OO. ii. 245, iii. 159; Gemini, Weber, last in Rājasūya, p. 100; as Venus, ‘span-god,’ Bollensen, ZDMG. xli. 496; other literature, Muir, OST. v. 234; Colinet, Vedic Chips, BOR. iii. 193 (nāsatya, Avestan nāonhaithya, nā as ‘very’).¹

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¹ Oldenberg, loc. cit., interprets Açvins as morning and evening stars! The epithet (of Agni and Açvins) bhuranyu has been equated with Phorōneus, we forget by whom.

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Brihaspati : Roth, ZDMG. i. 66; Muir, v. 272; Hillebrandt, Vedische Mythologie, i. 404.

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Dawn (see Ushas).

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Dyāus : P. von Bradke, Dyāus Asura, also Beiträge, ZDMG. xl. 347; not the same with Teutonic Tiu, Bremer, IF. iii. 301; as ‘all-father’ of primitive Aryans, Müller, Origin of Religion, p. 209; followed by Tiele, Outlines of History of Ancient religions, p. 106; see Hopkins, PAOS. Dec. 1894; form of Word, Collitz. KZ. xxvii. 187; BB. xv. 17.

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Earth (see Nritus).

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Gandharvas : KZ. i. 513; Meyer, Gandharven-Kentauren (list of Apsarasas); Pischel, VS. i. 78; Hillebrandt, Vedische Mythologie, i. 427.

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Haritas (sun’s steeds) as Charites, KZ. x. 96; ib. 365; Sonne, loc. cit. s. Sūrya; Müller, Science of Language, ii. 388.

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Heaven (see Dyāus and Varuna).

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Indra (etymology, Benfey, OO. i. 49; PW. sv.; añdra, A.-Sax. ‘ent,’ ‘giant,’ BB. i. 342;² nar, ἀνδρ-, Jacobi, KZ. xxxi. 316; Indra’s bolt, vadha, ‘wetter,’ Delbrück, KZ. xvi. 266) : Perry, Indra in the Rig Veda, JAOS. xi. 117 (see epic, below).

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² Oldenberg’s (Die Religion des Veda) Old-Man-of-the-Mountains-Indra thus gets etymological support.

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Kāma : Weber, ZDMG. xiv. 269, IS. v. 224, xvii. 290; Muir, v. 402.

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Manu :³ Roth, ZDMG. iv. 430; Weber, IS. i. 194 (‘man and moon’), ZDMG. iv. 302; Muir, OST. i. 161; Kuhn, KZ. iv. 91; Burnouf, Preface of Bhāg. Purāna, p. iii; Ascoli (mānus, mactus), KZ. xvii. 334; Maspiter as ‘man,’ Corssen, KZ. ii. 32;¹ Manu’s wife, Weber, ZDMG. xviii. 286. Compare also KZ. xii. 293, xix. 156, Mannus (see Laws, below).

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³ For convenience included in this list.

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¹ Maspiter is Mars-pater.

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Maruts (dubious etymology, Grassmann, KZ. xvi. 161; P. von Bradke, *loc. cit.* s. Dyāus): von Bradke, Wunderliche Geburt, Festgruss an Roth, p. 117 (Brahmanic, same point of view in parody, RV. x. 102, ZDMG. xlvi. 445). Hymns to Maruts, translated by Müller, SBE. xxxii.

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Mitra: Windischmann, Abh. K. M., 1857; Weber, IS. xvii. 212 (see Varuna).

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Namuci: Lanman, JAS. Beng. viii. 1889; Bloomfield, JAOS. xv. 143.

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Nritus as Nerthus, Hoffmann; (Roth) Bruce, Vedic Conceptions of the Earth, JRAS. 1862, p. 321; Prithivī, ZDMG. xli. 494.

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Parjanya: Bühler, Zur Mythologie des Rig Veda, OO. i. 214; Hirt, IF. i. 481, ‘oak-god.’²

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² Hirt equates Parjanya, Perkūnas, Fjörgyn, as originally epithet of Dyāus-Zeus, with Φηγυναῖος, the ‘oak-god.’ See also Zimmer, ZDA. vii. (19) 164.

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Purandhi: Pischel, VS. i. 202; Hillebrandt, WZKM. iii. 188, 259; Colinet, BOR. ii. 245, iv. 121 (‘abundance’), Congress, 1892.

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Priçni (prçni) as Frigy, KZ. ii. 478; ‘freckles,’ KZ. xix. 438.

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Pūshan: Muir, OST. v. 171; Bergaigne, La Relig. Véd., ii. 420; Hillebrandt, Ved. Myth., i. 456 (with Soma); Gubernatis, Letture, p. 82 (as Setting Sun); Pischel, VS. i. 11 (Sūryā and Pūshan); Perry, Notes on the Vedic Deity Pūshan, Drisler Memorial, p. 240.

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Ribhus (rbhavas, etymology, ‘alf,’ ‘Orpheus’; or Orpheus from ṛgh, ὀρχέεται, Kuhn, KZ. iv. 103; Wackernagel, KZ. xxiv. 297); Ludwig, iii. 187, as Seasons. Nève, Études sur les hymnes (1842), and Essai sur le mythe des Ribhavas (1847, misleading, Ribhu as apotheosis).

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Rohitas: Henry (above).

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Rudra (etymology, Pischel, VS. i. 57³): Weber, Vedic Conception of, IS. ii. 19; Pischel, Vedica, ZDMG. xl. 120; Rudra’s mouse and Smintheus, KZ. iii. 335; Grohmann, Apollo Smintheus und die Bedeutung der Mäuse in der Mythologie der Indogermanen.

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³ Müller explains Rudra as ‘howler’; Leo identifies him with Wuotan; Jones with Apollo, Kuhn, KZ. iii. 335; as A.-Sax., Rodor, *ib.* ii. 478: P. von Bradke, ZDMG. xl. 361. Oldenberg’s delineation of Rudra in Die Religion des Veda is based on the Brahmanic Rudra-Çiva (see PAOS. Dec. 1894).

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Saranyū (saraṇyū) : ἐριννύς, ZDA. vi. 117; KZ. i. 439 (storm; riddle, ib. 440); Bloomfield, JAOS. xv. 172; as Dawn, Müller, Lectures, Second Series; Saramā, and Sārameyas as Hermeias, ib.; Aufrecht, ZDMG. xiii. 493 (RV. x. 108, translated).

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Soma : Windischmann, Ueber den Somacultus der Arier, Abh. Münch. Ak., iv; Roth, ZDMG. xxxv. 681, xxxviii. 134; Ehni, ib. xxxiii. 166; Hillebrandt, Vedische Mythologie, i; Soma and the eagle, Kuhn, Herabkunft (above); Roth, ZDMG. xxxvi. 353; Bloomfield, JAOS. xvi (p. 1, further literature), Festgruss an Roth, p. 149; Weber, Vedische Beiträge, p. 3 (Sitz. Berl. Ak. 1894, p. 775); and Agni ritual, Knauer, Vedische Fragen, Festgruss an Roth, p. 61.

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Sūrya (see Haritas) : Sonne, hymn to, KZ. xii–xv; form of word, J. Schmidt, KZ. xxvi. 9. See Pūshan (and Hinduism, below). Sāvitrī, Whitney, Colebrooke’s Essays, ii. 111.

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Trita : Macdonnell, Mythological Studies, JRAS. 1893, p. 419 (apām napāt, lightning; Trita as Thridhi, name of Odin, ‘third’ form of fire); form of word, BB. ix. 99; Perry, see Indra (p. 26); Bloomfield, PAOS. 1894, p. cxix. Other literature, Kaegi, loc. cit., note 112 d.

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Ushas (uṣas) : Muir, v. 181; Bergaigne, i. 241, etc.; Sonne, KZ. x. 416; Müller, Science of Language, ii. 391, etc.

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Vāc : logos, Weber, IS. ix. 473.

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Varuna (varuṇa) : Roth, ZDMG. vi. 71; Weber, IS. xvii. 212; Muir, v. 58; Bergaigne, iii. 110; Hillebrandt, Varuṇa und Mitra; Darmesteter, Ormazd et Ahriman; Sonne, KZ. xii. 364; Pischel, VS. i. 188; Geldner, ib. 142; Ludwig, iii. 314; Oldenberg as a borrowed god (PAOS. 1894); as water, Geldner, BB. xi. 329; form of word, Bollensen, ZDMG. xli. 504 (var ‘hell sein’); Bohnenberger (Roth), Varuṇa nach den Liedern der Rig Veda (Mitra as appellative becomes a new god, p. 85) ;¹ as svar, Regnaud, Rev. xix. 79.

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¹ Kerbaker, Varuna e gli Aditya (Naples, Proceedings of the Royal Academy) is known to us only by title.

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Vāstoshpati (‘house-lord’) : Windisch, Vassus und Vassallus, Bericht. d. k. Säch. Gesell. 1892, p. 174 (vassus for vast).

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Vāta, Vayu (vāta is ἀήτης, ‘wind’): Stokes, BB. xix. 74, compares Irish fath, ‘breath,’ but gives also fáth, a kind of poem (vates, vôds, English ‘wood’ as ‘mad’). Vāta, Wuotan, Zimmer, ZDA. vii. (19) 179.

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Vishnu (viṣṇu like jishnu, jiṣṇu, vi, ‘fly,’ the heavenly bird?): Muir, iv and v (older texts relative to Vishnu), PAOS. Dec. 1894.

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Yama: Roth, ZDMG. ii. 216, iv, 417 (Jemshid), JAOS. iii. 335, IS. xiv. 393; Whitney, Oriental and Linguistic Studies, i. 46; Müller, Science of Language, ii. 528, 534; Westergaard, with Weber’s notes, IS. iii. 402; Muir, JRAS. i. 287; OST. v. 284; Bergaigne, i. 86, ii. 96, etc.; Grassmann, KZ. xi. 13, ‘binder’; Ehni, Der Vedische Mythus des Yama; Hillebrandt, Vedische Mythologie, i. 489; Bloomfield, JAOS. xv. 163, 172; Hopkins, PAOS. 1891, p. xciv; Scherman, Visionsliteratur; Leumann, KZ. xxxii. 301 (Yamī¹); L. von Schroeder, Literatur, p. 217 (Ymir, Prajāpati); Bréal, Hercule et Cercus; Benfey, Vedica, 149; Van den Gheyn, Cerbère (1883); Casartelli, Dog of Death, BOR. iv. 265.² Yama’s sadana, Pischel, VS. i. 242.³

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¹ The author justly remarks that no sociological data can be made of Yama’s wife or sister.

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² Dog sees Death, sharp sight of dog causes myth.

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³ Other less important examples of etymological ingenuity are Scherer, Brahman as flamen (Βράγκος, Bragi, see Kaegi, Rig Veda, note 82); abhraditā as Aphrodite, Sonne, KZ. x. 415; Ahalya as Achilleus, Weber, Sitz. Berl. Ak., 1887; Idā as Iris (Windischmann), Poseidon, potídas, iḍaspati (Fick, KZ. xxi. 462); but in KZ. i. 459 Poseidon is patye davan. On the form compare BB. viii. 80; x. 287; KZ. xxx. 570. Prellwitz, BB. ix. 327, agrees with Fick and Pott as to iḍas representing οἶδμα and compares προσκλύστιος. Garga is Gorgo, Kern, JRAS. iv. 431; Pājasya is Pegasos, etc., KZ. i. 416, xxix. 222; Parvata is Pelasgos, Burda, KZ. xxi. 470; but compare Stier, ib. xi. 229, where Pelasgoi are ‘cranes’; and Pischel, ib. xx. 369, where they are παρράσιοι. Sabheya is Yaviṣṭha (not Hephaistos, as says Kuhn), Müller, ib. xviii. 212; and vṛtrahan is not Bellerophon (as says Pott), ib. iv. 416, v. 140 (bellero is varvara). Çarād is Ceres, Müller, ib. xviii. 211; svavān is ἑύας, Aufrecht, ZDMG. xiii. 499; svar ‘sing’ in Silenus, Siren; Buddhaguru in Pythagoras, etc. Helena is Saramā, and Hermes is Sārameya, Müller, Chips, ii. 138, note. Compare for further clever guesses Cox’s Aryan Mythology, Müller’s Lectures, Second Series, and Biographies of Words.

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Veda and Brahmanism: Oldenberg, Die Hymnen des Rig Veda, and ZDMG. xlii. 199, Ueber die Liedverfasser des Rig Veda (see Hinduism, below); Roth, ib. iv. 514, divisions of the Rig Veda; Bergaigne, Recherches sur l’histoire de la Samhitā du Rig Veda, JA.

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(1886 and following years), also on the liturgy, *ib.* 1888; JA. x. No. 3; Pincott, JRAS. xvi. 381; Hillebrandt, Spuren einer älteren Rig Veda Recension, BB. viii. 195; Lanman, JAOS. x. 580; Brunnhofer, KZ. xxv. 374, BB. x. 234 (Collitz, BB. vii. 183); Roth, on the worth of tradition, ZDMG. xxi. 1; Whitney, on Translation of Veda, OLS.; PAOS. Oct. 1867; Goldstücker on Sāyaṇa, in Preface to Pāṇini. Cult against mantra, Roth, ZDMG. vii. 604; viii. 467; Weber, *ib.* viii. 389; Pischel and Geldner, Preface to Vedische Studien and ZDMG. xlviii. 702; Colinet, Les Principes de l'exégèse védique, Muséon, 1890; Bloomfield, Contributions (above); E. Hardy, Die Vedisch-brahmanische Periode d. Relig. d. Alt. Ind.; Muir, Priests and Interpreters of the Veda, JRAS. ii. 257, 303; Haug, Contribution, 1863, and Interpretation of the Veda, Congress, 1874; Ludwig, Die philosophischen und religiösen Anschauungen des Veda; also Ludwig, Rig-Veda, iii (Mantra-Literatur), pp. 262, 284, 301, and his works, Ueber Methode bei Interpretationen des Rig Veda, and Ueber die neuesten Arbeiten auf dem Gebiet der RV. Forschung. Further (Vedic and later literature), Oldenberg, ZDMG. xxxvii. 54; *ib.* xxxix. 52; Windisch, Verh. d. Geraer Philologen Versammlung, Vedische Wettfahrt, in Festgruss an Roth; Weber, Episches im Vedischen Ritual, Sitz. Berl. Ak., 1891; Schermann, Philosophische Hymnen (also Visionsliteratur).

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Vedic and Brahmanic Belief: Pott, Vedic and Orphic Kosmic Egg, Ovidiana, KZ. viii. 179 (Peleus as *Urschlamm*!); von Bradke, Beiträge z. altind. Religions und Sprachgeschichte, ZDMG. xl. 347, 655; Schrader, chapter xiii; Zimmer, AIL.; Roth and Böhtlingk, Vedische Räthsel, ZDMG. xxxvii. 109; (and eschatology) xlvi. 759; Windisch, *ib.* xlviii. 353.¹ Eschatology: Weber, Eine Legende, ZDMG. ix. 237 (Bhrigu) and 308; Burnell, a Legend from the Talavakāra, Congress, 1880, IA. xiii. 16, 21; Benfey, Orient und Occident, iii. 169, and Hermes, Tartaros; Whitney, PAOS., Nov., 1858, May, 1886; Böhtlingk, Bericht d. k. Sächs. Gesell., 23. April, 1893, p. 88; Henotheism: Whitney, *loc. cit.*, Oct. 1881, see IA. xi. 146; Hopkins, Drisler Memorial. Social position of priests (castes), Weber,¹ Nachträge, p. 795; Collectanea, IS. x; Muir, JRAS. ii. 257; OST. i; Hopkins, Four Castes, also JAOS. xiii; Schlagintweit (Caste at Present), ZDMG. xxxiii. 549. Cult: E. Hardy, loc. cit. above; on Om see Bloomfield, PAOS. Oct. 1889; Cult of Manes, Caland, Altind. Ahnencult, und Ueber Totenverehrung bei Einigen der IE. Völker; Winternitz, WZKM. iv. 199; Whitney, OLS. i. 46; Kaegi, loc. cit., note 265, with literature. Funeral: Roth, ZDMG. viii. 467; Müller, ib. ix. pp. i and xliii (sic); Wilson, JRAS. 1854, p. 201; Regnaud, Çrāddha védique, Rev. d’hist. d. relig. xxv. 1; Donner, piṇḍapitṛyajña; Lanman, Mortuary Urns, PAOS. May, 1891. Wedding: Weber, Hochzeitssprüche, IS. v. 177;

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Stenzler, Pāraskara, ZDMG. vii. 527; Haas, Heiratsgebräuche d. alten Inder, IS. v. 267; Schröder, Die Hochzeitsbräuche der Esten; Winternitz, Das Ai. Hochzeitsrituell. Omens, Ordeals, etc.: Weber, Zwei Vedische Texte über Omina und Portenta, Wurfel-Orakel, Vedische Beiträge;² Schlagintweit, Gottesurtheile; Stenzler, ZDMG. ix. 661; Kaegi, Alter und Herkunft der germanischen Gottesurtheile (with further literature); Jolly, Beiträge zur Rechtsgeschichte, ZDMG. xliv. 347. The earliest essay on Ordeals was presented by Warren Hastings, 1784, Asiatick Researches, i. 389. Star-lore: Colebrooke; Weber, IS. ii. 236; Haug, Introduction to Ait. Br.; Weber, Die Vedischen Nachrichten d. Nakshatra; Sitz. Berl. Ak. 1861, p. 267;³ Müller, Ancient Hindu Astronomy and Chronology; Burgess, JRAS. xxv. 717; Jacobi, Methods and Tables. Witchcraft, Medicine: Kuhn, KZ. xiii. 49; Grohmann, IS. ix. 381; Bloomfield, Contributions, AJP. vii, xi, xii; Pictet, KZ. v. 24, 321; Jolly, Knoblauch, Festgruss an Roth, p. 18; medicine and divination, Bower MS., JASB. 1891; IA. xxi. 29, 129; WZKM. v. 103. Blood-money: Roth, ZDMG. xli. 672; Aryan and Indic, Bühler and Schroeder, Festgruss an Roth; Jolly, loc. cit., p. 339. Sacrifices: Hillebrandt, Das altind. Neu- u. Vollmondsopfer, and Nationale Opfer, Festgruss an Böhtlingk; Lindner, Die Dikskā, and loc. cit., Ernteopfer; Weber, Vājapeya and Rājasūya, Sitz. Berl. Ak., 1892, 1893, and Zur Kenntniss d. Ved. Opferrituals, IS. x. 321, xiii. 217;

c27.s2.66.3

Schwab, Das Altindische Thieropfer. Suttee and Human Sacrifices: Colebrooke, Duties of Faithful Hindu Widow, Asiatick Researches, iv. 209; Wilson, JRAS. 1851, p. 96, 1854, p. 201, 1859, p. 209; Müller, Chips, ii. 34; Hall, JRAS. iii. 183, 193; Rājendralāla Mitra, Indo-Aryans, ii. 114; Weber, ZDMG. vii. 585, xviii. 262 (Manu, Minotaur, ib. p. 286), Ind. Streifen, i. 54; Zimmer, AIL. p. 328; Hillebrandt, ZDMG. xl. 711. Ritual, etc.: (above and) Müller, ZDMG. ix. p. xliii; Garbe, ZDMG. xxxiv. 319 (Pravargya); Rarity of Soma-sacrifice, Haug, ZDMG. xvi. 273; Hindu Doctrine of Atonement, Stenzler, Congress, 1874, p. 205; Atharva Ritual, Garbe, Vāitāna Sūtra; Magoun, Asurī Kalpa; Agni Sacrifice, Thibaut, Agni Citi, Pandit, JAS. Beng., xliv, 1875, Çulva Sūtra; Koulikovski, Les Trois Feux Sacrés, Rev. xx. 121. Serpent-worship: Stier, Sarpedon, KZ. xi. 234; Fergusson, Tree and Serpent Worship; Cuthbert, Serpent Temples, JRAS. 1846, p. 407; compare ib. 1891; Winternitz, Sarpabali, Schlangencult, Mit. d. anthrop. Gesell., Wien, xviii; IA. xv. 258; Bühler, ib. vi. 270; Snakes and Buddha, Bendall, Meghasūtra, JRAS. xii. 286; Senart, Buddha; Oldham, JRAS. xxiii. 361. Idols: Weber, Omina und Portenta, p. 337; Ludwig, Nachrichten; Bollensen, ZDMG. xxii. 587, xlvii. 586; Müller, Chips, i. 37;¹ Muir, OST., v. 453; Kaegi, Rig Veda, note 79a. Ages and Holy Numbers:² Roth, Ueber den AV., and Ueber den Mythus von den fünf Menschen-Geschlechtern bei Hesiod; Weber, Cycles, IS. ix. 460; ZDMG. xv. 132;

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Kaegi, Die Neunzahl; Schroeder, seven as holy number, KZ. xxix. 224; Hopkins, Holy Numbers of the Rig Veda.³ See Star-lore, above.

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¹ Compare Deussen, Geschichte der Philosophie, i. 105. On Vedic and Sanskrit Riddles, *loc. cit.*; also Haug, Vedische Räthselfragen (also Brahma und die Brahmanen); Führer, ZDMG. xxxix. 99.

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¹ There is an essay on this subject by Kern, Ind. Theorieen over de Standenverdeeling, which we have not seen.

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² Sitz. Berl. Ak. 1858, 1859, and 1894, respectively. The Wurfel-Orakel (and Schiefner) is published also in Ind. Streifen, i. 274. The essay on Omina and Portenta contains translations of parts of the Shaḍviṃça Brāhmaṇa, of the Sāma Veda, and of the Kāuṣika (AV.) Sūtra.

c27.s2.70

³ (Whitney) Burgess, Sūryasiddhānta, JAOS. vi; JRAS. 1863, p. 345; Whitney, ib. i. 316; Lunar Zodiac, Or. Ling. St., ii. 341; Kern, translation of BS., JRAS. iv-vii; IS. x, xiv, xv; Weber, ueber altiränische Sternnamen, Sitz. Berl. Ak., 1888; see also Whitney, JAOS. viii. 1, 382; Burgess, ib. 309; Weber, IS. ix. 424, x. 213; Whitney vs. Ludwig, PAOS., 1885. On the twelve intercalated days, ‘Twelfth Night,’ see Weber, IS. v. 437 (Çabalī-homa), xvii. 224.

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¹ The statement is here made that the Vedic religion knows nothing of idols; but see the other cited works which seem to disprove this.

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² The ‘Fifteen Puzzle’ is Indic (IA. x. 89, xi. 83).

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³ Triton and Euphemos, oder Die Argonauten in Libyen, by Water, in 1849, treats of the holy seven in a ridiculous way. Not less ridiculous is the author's attempt to explain everything by the Moon-Cult, thus anticipating modern vagaries.

c27.s2.74

Brahmanism : Specimens, Muir, OST. iv; Sāman, Benfey, Griffith; Shaḍviṃça, Weber, Omina (above); Māit. S., Haug, IS. ix. 174; von Schroeder, Literatur, and ZDMG. xxxiii. 177; Çatapatha, partial translation, Eggeling, SBE., xii, xxvi, xli; Muir, JRAS. 1862, p. 31 (OST.); Weber, IS. i. 161 and Ind. Streifen, i. 9; first chapter, ZDMG. iv. 289; Brunnhofer (relation of parts), BB. x. 234; Āit. Br., Haug; Weber, IS. ix. 177; Deluge, etc., Bopp, Sündfiüt; Weber, ZDMG. v. 525, Ind. Streifen, i. 9; Roth, ZDMG. vi. 243; Lindner, Ir. Fluthsage, Festgruss an Roth. Upanishads :¹ Cowell, Roer, Bib. Ind.; Whitney, Böhtlingk (Katha, Chāndogya, Ait. Kāushitakī, Kena, Bṛhadāraṇyaka); Weber, IS. i, ii, ix; Müller, SBE., i, xv (all the chief works);² Oertel, Jāiminīya, PAOS. 1894; list of, Müller, ZDMG. xix. 137; Concordance of Upanishads, Jacob. For a general introduction the best work in English are the translations in the Sacred Books. Gough's Philosophy of the Upanishads has many translations, but the book is otherwise not to be recommended. On ātmā as ἀὐτμήν, see KZ. xvii. 145. Philosophy : Deussen, Das System des Vedānta, 1883, is now the standard work;³ to which should be added the same author's Sūtra; Jacob's Vedāntasāra; and Thibaut, Vedānta Sūtra, SBE. xxxiv.⁴ For the Sānkhya, Davies, Sānkhya; and Ballantyne, Aphorisms; but the best work is now Garbe, Die Sāmkhya Philosophie (1894). A good general introduction to Hindu Pantheism has been given by Lanman, Beginnings of Hindu Pantheism. The best general summary⁵ of Hindu philosophies is found in the revised edition of Colebrooke's Essays. Other special studies include Roth, Brahma und die Brahmanen,⁶

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¹ A curious though useless classic is Anquetil du Perron's Oupnekhat, 1801, the first European version of the Upanishads (through the Persian).

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² Whitney, AJP. vii. 1, xi. 407; Jacob, IA. xv. 279; Whitney Trans. Phil. Ass. xxi. 88; Böhtlingk, Bericht d. k. Sächs. Gesellschaft, 1890, and separately.

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³ Compare Windischmann, Sancara, 1833; Ecstein, IS. ii. 369; and Bruining-Bijdrage tot de Kennis van den Vedānta, 1871.

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⁴ Compare two native expositions, JRAS. x. 33 (Vedantic conception of brahma), and WZKM. ii. 95 (Çankara's advaita philosophy); also Müller, Three Lectures.

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⁵ Compare Ballantyne's Hindu Philosophy, Williams' Indian Wisdom, Brahmanism and Hinduism, Religious Thought and Life, and also the excellent chapters in Weber's Lectures (above), and in Schroeder's Literatur und Cultur. Of Deussen's Allgemeine Geschichte der Philosophie one half volume has appeared.

c27.s2.80

⁶ Haug has an article on the Māit. Saṃh. with the same title, Brahma und Die Brahmanen.

c27.s2.81

ZDMG. i. 66 (on *brahma*); Müller, *ib.* vi. 1, 219, vii. 287 (Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Ind. Phil.); Roer, *ib.* xxi. 309, xxii. 383 (Die Lehrsprüche der Vaiçeshika Philosophie); Muir, Theism in Vaiçeshika Philosophy, JRAS. 1862, p. 22; Ballantyne, Nyāyasūtras; Windisch, Ueber das Nyāyabhāshya, 1888, and Sitz der denkenden Seele, Beitr. d. k. Sächs. Gesell., 1891, p. 55; Ballantyne and Cowell, Çāṇḍilya's Aphorisms (text by B., translation by C., Bib. Ind.); Regnaud, Le Pessimisme Brāhmanique, Ann. du Mus. Guimet, i, and Matériaux pour servir à l'histoire de la philosophie d'Inde. The Sarvadarçanasaṅgraha is translated by Cowell and Gough. The Sūtras of the six systems have all been translated (with the texts) in India. On the date of Çankara see Pathak, IA. xi. 174; and Telang and Fleet, *ib.* xiii. 95, xvi. 41; Logan, *ib.* xvi. 160.

c27.s2.82

House-rules and Law: All the most important manuals of custom and law have been translated by Stenzler, Bühler, Jolly, Oldenberg, Bloomfield and Knauer (SBE. ii, vii, xiv, xxv, xxix, xxx, xxxiii; Stenzler, Pāraskara, Āçvalāyana and Yājñavalkya; Oldenberg, IS. xv. 1, Çāṅkhāyana; Knauer, Gobhila, also Vedische Fragen, Festgruss an Roth; Bloomfield, Gobhila, ZDMG. xxxv. 533).¹

c27.s2.83

¹ House-ritual: Āçvalāyana, Gobhila, Çāṅkhāyana, Pāraskara, Khādira, Hiraṇyakeçin, Āpastamba. Law: Āpastamba, Gāutama, Vasistha, Bāudhāyana, Yājñavalkya, Vishnu, Nārada, Brihaspati, Manu. The last is also translated by Loiseleur, Jones, Burnell and Hopkins (besides Bühler, SBE., above).

Jainism

c27.s3.1

Colebrooke's Essays (Cowell), ii. 402; Lassen, iv. 763; Wilson, Essays, i. 319; Weber, IS. xv. 263, xvi. 211, xvii. 1,² and Berlin MSS., vol. ii, 1892; Klatt, Stotra (MSS.), ZDMG. xxxiii. 445; Leumann, Berichte von den Schismen der Jaina, IS. xvii. 91; Jacobi, Stutayas and Stotra, ZDMG. xxxii. 509, IS. xiv. 359, also origin of sects, ZDMG. xxxviii. 1, Introduction to Kalpa Sūtra (Abh. k. M.,³ 1879, Mahāvīra is Nātaputta). Compare also Jacobi, ZDMG. xxxiv. 247; Oldenberg, *ib.* 748; Jacobi, *ib.* xxxv. 667, xl. 92; Burnell, IA.

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² Ueber die heiligen Schriften, translated into English by Smyth in the Indian Antiquary, 1893.

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³ Feer, JA. 1888 (xii), p. 209. Leumann has published in the same German series the Aupapātika Sūtra, but as yet only the text (1883) has appeared.

c27.s3.4

ii. 354; Rice and Bühler, *ib.* iii. 153, vii. 28, 143, etc.; Burgess, *ib.* xiii. 191; Windisch, Hemacandra’s Yogaçāstra, ZDMG. xxviii. 185. Jacobi has translated Ācārānga and Kalpa Sūtras for SBE. xxii. Hoernle, Digambara Pattavalis, IA. xx. 341, xxi. 57. A popular essay on Jains by Williams appeared JRAS. xx. 279. On Jain tradition compare Bühler, Sitz. Wien. Ak. 1883, WZKM. i. 165, ii. 141, iii. 233, iv. 313, v. 59, 175 (Mathurā, Congress, 1892, p. 219). On Gosāla compare Hoernle, Bib. Ind., Uvāsaga Dasāo (seventh Anga) with Leumann’s review; and Rockhill, Life of Buddha, p. 249. Compare also Jain Bhārata and Rāmāyaṇa of Pampa, Rice, JRAS. xiv. 19; Leumann, Daçavaikalika-Sūtra und Niryukti, Jinabhadra’s Jītakalpa, Sitz. Berl. Ak. 1892, Die Legende von Citta und Sambhūta, WZKM. v. 111, vi. 1; Thomas, Early Faith of Açoka (to show prior Jainism; a dubious contention) JRAS. ix. 155. On the Jain nurture of vermin see JRAS. 1834, p. 96. On dates compare Jacobi, Kalpasūtra and Oldenberg (above). The Çatruñjaya Māhātmyam (Weber, Abh. k. M., 1858) is probably not an early work (Bühler, Three New Edicts, IA. vi. 154). On Weber’s view in regard to Jain-Greek legends see his essay Ahalyā-Achilleus, Sitz. Berl. Ak., 1887. See too Barth, Revue, xix. 292 ff., xx. 332.

Buddhism

c27.s4.1

Colebrook’s Essays; Wilson, Buddha and Buddhism, JRAS., 1856, pp. 229, 357; Bennett, Gaudama, JAOS. ii. 3; R. Spence Hardy, Eastern Monarchism and Manual of Buddhism; E. Hardy, Der Buddhismus nach älteren Pāliwerken; Burnouf, Le Lotus de la Bonne Loi and Introduction à l’histoire du Bouddhisme indien (Nepal); Köppen, Die Religion des Buddha; Weber, Ueber den Buddhismus, Ind. Skizzen, and Streifen, i. 104; Barthélemy Saint-Hilaire, Le Bouddha et sa religion (now antiquated); Oldenberg, Buddha; Kern, Der Buddhismus; T. W. Rhys Davids, Manual of Buddhism, and Hibbert Lectures; Copleston, Buddhism; Monier Williams, Buddhism;¹ Mary Sumner’s Histoire (ed. Foucaux); Senart's Essai sur la légende du Buddha, JA. 1873, p. 114; 1874, p. 249; 1875, p. 97, and published separately. Valuable is the same author's article, JA. viii, 1876, Notes, and work (containing) Les Inscriptions de Piyadasi; compare IA. xvii. 188; ZDMG. xl. 127 (Bühler). On Nāgārjuna (second century) see Beal, IA. xv. 353. Of historical interest, if otherwise valueless, are Schoebel, Le Buddha et le Bouddhisme, 1857; and Holmboe, Traces de Buddhisme en Norvège avant l'introduction du christianisme. Lillie, Buddha and Early Buddhism, also Influence of Buddhism on Christianity, and JRAS. xiv. 218, Buddhist Saint Worship, and ib. xv. 419, on Ceylon Buddhism; Beal, Schools, IA. ix. 299.

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¹ Of the many manuals we recommend especially those of Rhys Davids for ontology (also Jātakas, First Part) and Oldenberg (now in second edition). For Northern Buddhism Köppen’s Religion is still excellent, although it is vitiated by the point of view taken by the author, who regards Buddha as an emancipator, a political innovator, etc. Davids has two recent articles on Buddhist sects, JRAS. xxiii. 409; xxiv. 1 (see also below).

c27.s4.3

Buddhist Texts: Burnouf, Foucaux, above; Weber, Dhammapada,¹ ZDMG. xiv. 29: Müller, Science of Religion, and SBE. x, with Fausböll's Sutta Nipāta; J. Weber and Huth, Tib. Buddhist Sūtras, ZDMG. xlv. 577; Pischel, Assalāyana Sutta; Childers, Khuddaka Pātha, JRAS. iv. 309; Davids, Buddhist Suttas translated from the Pāli; and Davids and Oldenberg,² Vinaya Texts, SBE. xi, xiii, xvii, xx; Kern, Lotus, ib. xxi; Davids, Milinda, ib. xxxv; Cowell and Müller, Mahāyāna Sūtras, ib. xlix; Foucaux, Lalita Vistara, Ann. du MG. vi, xix; Pratimokha, above, and Beal and Gogerly, JRAS. 1862, p. 407; Dickson, ib. vii. 1, viii. 62; Childers, ib. vii. 49; viii. 219; Rogers (and Müller), Buddhaghosha's Parables; Foulkes, IA. xix. 105; Carus, Gospel of Buddha.

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¹ L. von Schroeder, Worte der Wahrheit. On the word Dhammapada, Franke ZDMG. xlvi. 734.

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² Also Oldenberg, Dīpavaṃsa, with text.

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Nirvāṇa: Out of the immense literature we select Müller (Buddhist Nihilism), Science of Religion, p. 141; Oldenberg, Buddha, p. 273; Frankfurter, JRAS. xii. 548; Rhys Davids, Manual, and Hibbert Lectures, tenth Appendix.

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Date of Nirvāṇa: Westergaard, Buddha's Totesjahr, Ueber den ältesten Zeitraum der Ind. Geschichte; Cunningham, Bhilsa Topes; Bühler IA. vi. 149 ff., Three New Edicts of Açoka; Kern, Jaartelling; Müller, Acad. March 1, 1884, SBE. x.: Davids, Ancient Coins and Measures of Ceylon, p. 57; Oldenberg, Vinaya Pitaka, SBE. xiii. p. xxii.³

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³ For Nirvāṇa and its date all the manuals may be consulted. See also D'Alwis, Nirvāṇa (with translation); Edkins, JRAS. xiii. 59, Congress, 1880, p. 295; Chil-

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*Foreign Buddhism*: Stan. Julien, Histoire de la vie de Hiouen Thsang, Mémoires (compare JA. Dec. 1857), Voyages des Pélerins Bouddhistes ; Wassiljew, Der Buddhismus ; Bigandet, Life of Gautama ; Fergusson, Hiouen Thsang's Journey from Patna, JRAS. vi. 213, 396 ; Wilson, *ib.* 1859, p. 106 (‘Summary Account’); JAS. Beng. i; As. Researches, xx (Csoma, Asiatic Buddhism); Beal, Diamond Sūtras (etc., JRAS.); Gutzlaff (Sykes), Buddhism in China, JRAS. 1854, p. 73 ; 1856, pp. 316, 357 (Wilson, Notes, Inscriptions); Edkins, Chinese Buddhism; Beal (Chinese), Dhammapada, The Romantic Legend, and Travels of the Buddhist Pilgrim Fah-Hian,¹ Life of Buddha, BOR. *passim*; Müller, Buddhist Pilgrims, Chips, i; Köppen (above); Hodgson, Memoirs ; Burnouf (above); Schlagintweit, Buddhistic Idols in Tibet, JRAS. 1863, p. 437, and (Ann. du Musée Guimet, iii) Buddhism in Tibet (Lamaism in the second part); Rockhill, The Life of Buddha, and The Land of the Lamas ; Lamaistic succession, Mayers, JRAS. iv. 284 ; Lamaist extension of Buddhist Confession, IA. xxiii. 73 ; Lamaism and Catholicism, Davids, Hibbert Lectures ; Modern Lamaism, Waddell, Buddhism of Thibet or Lamaism ; Schiefner, Tāranātha's Geschichte (and Tibetische Lebensbeschreibung); Tibet texts (above); Bastian, Buddhist Literature of the Burmese, ZDMG. xvii. 697, and Buddhist Psychology, *ib.* xx. 419; Führer, Buddhist Manu, BBRAS. xv. 329; Jardine and Forchhammer, Notes on Buddhist Law (in Burmah); Friederich, Buddhism in Bali, JRAS. viii. 158, ix. 59; dharmaçāstra, IA. xiii. 24; Crawfurd, Hindu Religion in Bali, AR. xiii. 128 ;² in Ceylon, Foulkes, IA. xvii. 100.

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¹ On I-tsing (671) see Beal, IA. x. 109, 194; Müller, India. ‘Fâ-Hien’s’ travels are now published by Legge, ‘Record of Buddhistic Kingdoms.’ There are other editions. See also Sykes, JRAS. 1841, p. 248; Beal, *ib.* xix. 191.

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² On Japanese Buddhism there have been published some texts by Japanese scholars (ed. Müller, Aryan Series of Anecdota Oxoniensia). See JRAS. xii. 153.

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*Buddhist Legends*: Burnouf, Introduction; Davids, Buddhist Birth Stories, and BOR. iv. 9; Beal, JRAS. vi. 377; Fausböll, Two Jātakas, JRAS. v. i., Five and Ten (1872); Feer, JA. 1875 (v, ders, Dictionary, JRAS. v. 219, 289, vii. 49, etc.; Fergusson, *ib.* iv. 81 (Indic Chronology) ; Müller, Origin of Religion, p. 130, note, and Introduction to Buddhaghosha, and to Dhammapada (above). We incline to accept 471 to 483 as the extreme limits of the date of Buddha's death (Kern, 380; Davids, 412).

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vi);¹ Fausböll, Weber, IS. v. 412; Açvaghosha (fifth century); Weber, Streifen, i. 186; Cowell, Açvaghosha; Lévi, JA. 1892, p. 201; Beal, SBE. xix. Hells: Feer, Études Bouddhiques, l'Enfer indien, JA. 1892, p. 185, 1893, p. 112;² Köppen, p. 239; Senart, Notes, JA. viii. 477. Symbols: Cunningham, JRAS. 1851, pp. 71, 114; Hodgson, ib. 1861, p. 393; Sewell and Pincott, ib. xix. 238 and xxii. 299;³ IA. vii. 176; ib. xv. 61, 89, 217, and following volumes (sacred trees); Lillie, Saints and Trees, JRAS. xiv. 218. Topes, Temples: Cunningham, above, p. 108, and Stūpa of Bharhut, Bhilsa Topes (synods, schisms); Fergusson, Rock-cut Temples of India, JRAS. 1844, p. 30, and Topes of Sānchi and Amarāvatī; Beal, JRAS. v. 164; Burgess, Arch. Surv. of Western India, and Cave Temples of India (symbols) with Fergusson; the latter, History of Indian and Eastern Architecture, Tree and Serpent Worship; Simpson, JRAS. xxi. 49 (temples from tombs); Müller, Dagobas from Ceylon, ZDMG. xii. 514⁴ (also dates). Women leaders of Buddhist Reformation, Miss Bode, JRAS. xxv. 517.

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¹ Chalmers, Jātakas (ed. Cowell, vol. i) is announced. Compare JRAS. xxiv. 423. On Barlaam u. Joasaph see now the exhaustive essay of Kuhn, Abh. d. k. Bayerisch. Ak. 1894 (with all literature).

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² By the same, Avadānaçataka, Mus. Guimet, xviii (JA. 1879, xiv). The Daṭhavamça, Melloné, Ann. du MG. vii.

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³ Triratna and triçula. The articles following are by Murray-Aynsley (Asiatic Symbolism), on svastika, trees, serpents, evil eye, etc. On the evil eye and the poison-girl, viṣakanyā, see now the interesting essay of Hertz (Abh. d. Bayern. Akad, 1894), who connects the superstition with the religious practice described above, p. 505, note 2.

c27.s4.17

⁴ For older essays see also Schönberg, ZDMG. vii. 101 (rock-temples); JAS. Beng. xxv. 222 (Khandgiri temples); Yule, JAS. Beng., 1857, Ancient Buddhistic Remains (on the Irawady): Sykes, Miniature Caityas in Buddhist topes, JRAS. 1854, pp. 37, 227.

c27.s4.18

Brahmanism and Buddhism: Burnouf, Bh. P. Introd. p. 137 (Indra highest god); Williams, JRAS. xviii. 127; Holtzmann, Zur Geschichte, p. 103; (and Jainism) Leumann, Die Legende von Citta und Sambhūta, WZKM (above); Bastian, Brahmanic Inscriptions in Buddhist Temples (of Siam), JAOS. viii. 377.

c27.s4.19

Buddhist heresies, Dīpavaṃsa (above); doctrines, Wassiljew (above); Le Bouddhisme et les Grecs, Lévi, Revue, xxiii. 36.

Hinduism

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Epic: Ktesias, IA. x. 296 ff.; McCrindle, Ancient India as described by Ktesias and by Megasthenes and Arrian;¹ date of Bhārata, Bühler, Kirste, Ind. Studies, No. ii; in Cambodia, Barth, Inscriptions Sanskrites du Cambodge; of Rāmāyaṇa, Weber, Rāmāyaṇa, IA., reprint; Jacobi, Rāmāyaṇa,² Festgruss an Böhtlingk, p. 44, GGA., Nos. 16 of 1892, 1893; epic language, Franke, Was ist Sanskrit? BB. xvii. 54; epos and Veda, Oldenberg, ZDMG. xxxvii. 54, xxxviii. 439, xxxix. 52; Weber, Episches im Vedischen Ritual,³ Sitz, Berl. Ak. 1891; Ludwig, Ironie, Festgruss an Böhtlingk. Résumé, Wheeler, History (unreliable); Williams, Indian Wisdom. Translations, Wilson, Sabhā, JRAS. 1842, p. 137; Thomson (1855), Davies, Lorinser, and Telang (SBE. viii), Bhagavad Gīta, etc.; Milman, Nala; Muir, IA. vii, viii, Metrical Translations, and OST.; Arnold, Sāvitrī, Idylls, etc. (free); Holtzmann (Sr.), Indische Sagen; Foucaux, ‘Kairata Parva’; Sadous, fragments (1858); H. Fauche (several books of Bhārata); Pratapa Chandra Roy (almost all); Griffith, Rāmāyaṇa, Schoebel (Mus. Guimet, xiii), Gorresio, Fauche, id. Studies, Holtzmann, Indra, Apsaras, Brahmā,⁴ ZDMG. xxxii. 290, xxxiii. 631, xxxviii. 167, Agni, Arjuna (each separately), Zur Geschichte, Neunzehn Bücher (literature); Hopkins, Manu in Epic, JAOS. xi. 239, Ruling Caste, ib. xiii, etc.; Sauer, Mahābhārata and Wate (primitive epic, unconvincing); Nève, Morals and Women (antiquated); Weber, Mother-Worship, Zwei Ved. Texte, and West, IA. x. 245;

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Roussel, Les idées religieuses, Muséon, xii. 263, 295. For Philosophy, see above. Puraṇas, Modern Sects: Lassen, i. 481; Wilson, Analysis, 1838-39 (essays); Burnouf, Bhāgavata; Wilson, Vishnu; Rückert, Mārkaṇḍeya, Wortham, JRAS. xiii. 103, 355 (partial); ib. xvii. 221; Wolheim, Padma (Latin, partial); Stevenson, Gaṇeça, JRAS. 1846, p. 319; Ante-Brahmanic Religions, and Feudalism, *ib.* 1846, pp. 330, 390; in Dekhan, *ib.* 1838, p. 189; Sykes, Traits, *ib.* 1860, p. 223; Gīta-Govinda, Lassen (Latin), Rückert, ZKM. i. 132. Fables: WZKM. vii. 215; Pratapa Chandra Gosha, Durgā-pūjā; Tīrtha: Williams, Hinduism (list), IA. v. 209, Cunningham, Survey; Hunter, Indian Empire (sects), Orissa, and Report; Çivaite sects, Senāthi Rāja, Mus. Guim. vii; Krishna, Weber, ZDMG. vi. 92; Berl. Ak., 1867, p. 217, IS. xiii. 354; Nève, Des éléments étrangers, etc.; Phallus, IA. iv. 211, v. 183, Kittel, Ueber d. Ursprung des Linga Cultus (refutes Wurm, Geschichte der Indischen Religion); Stevenson, JRAS. 1846, p. 337; Pāñcarātra, Hall, Vāsavadatta. Cārvāka, Colebrooke, Muir, *loc. cit.* Varāhamihira, see above. Fate: IA. xviii. 46. Sects: Jones, AR. ii. 334; names of week-days, Cunningham, IA. xiv. 1; Grierson, *ib.* 322; Dikshit, *ib.* xvi. 113; Wilson's Sketch of the Religious Sects of the Hindus, AR., Essays; Hunter's Statistical Account of Bengal; Kitt's Compendium of Castes and Tribes; Elphinstone's History; Müller, Chips, iv. 329;

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Williams, Religious Thought and Life, and Brahmanism and Hinduism; W. J. Wilkins, Modern Hinduism; Wilson, On the Sikhs, JRAS. 1846, p. 43; Prinsep, Origin of Sikh Power; MacGregor, History of Sikhs;¹ Kabīr; Trumpp, Ādigranth, JRAS. v. 197, Congress, 1880, p. 159, and Ādigranth (complete), IA. vi ff.; Die Religion der Sikhs. Vishnuism, Williams, JRAS. xiv. 289. Mohammedanism in Hinduism, Dabistān, vol. ii.² Ritual: Bühler, IA. 1883; temples; Hurst, Indika (especially p. 294); Burgess, IA. xii. 315; Williams, Thought and Life, p. 448 (see Buddhism). Thugs: Reynolds, JRAS. 1837, p. 200; Sherwood, AR. xiii. 25, Phānsīgars; Shakespear, *ib.* xiii. 282; also Sleeman, Report, and Ramaseeana (Thugs' Argot and papers on Thugs); Elphinstone, i. 369, 371 (Bhāts and Chārans), 384 (Thugs and Decoits). Cāitanyas, Hunter, Statistical Account, Williams and Wilkins, *loc. cit.*; On ‘pocket-altars,’ JRAS. 1851, p. 71; Vidhānas, Burnell, Meyer; Kānphātis, Celibates, of Kutch, JRAS. 1839, p. 268; Lingāyits, Kittel, above, and IA. iv, v; Tulsi Dās, Rāmāyaṇa, works of Ramavat sect, Grierson, IA. xxii. 89, 122, 227; Pandus as gods, IA, vii. 127; their fish-emblems, *ib.* xxii. 61; Bombay Dancing Girls, IA. xiii. 165; Sun-worship, temples, St. Julien, Voy. iii. 172; Burgess, Survey, p. 216; in Taxila, JRAS. 1859, p. 77; in Purāṇas, Lassen, ii. 832, 919; IA. vi. 11, vii. 69, 71, viii. 30 (ādityabhaktas). Theistic Reformers: Wilson, Essays; Hunter, Account; Müller, Chips; Williams, JRAS. xiii.

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1, 281; Tiru Valluvar, Graul, Kural, and Pope, IA. vii ff.; Nāṅgi Panthīs, IA. xiii. 1; Tamil Çivaites, Foulkes, Catechism; JAOS. iv. 129; Phāndarpur Vishnuites, Viṭṭhala Bhaktas (Kabīr), Stevenson, JRAS. 1842 p. 64; especially Mitchell, IA. xi. 56, 149, hymns of Tukā, and celebration, Congress, 1892, p. 282. Festivals:¹ above, Vājapeya; Hillebrandt, Sonnwendfeste; JRAS. 1846, p. 60; Gover, *ib.* v. 91; IA. xx. 430; Holi, JRAS. 1838, p. 189; 1841, p. 239; Vetāla, *ib.* 1838, p. 192; Dekhan deities, *ib.* 1842, p. 105.

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¹ Çiva is here falsely interpreted as Herakles, p. 39. Compare too Weber, IS. ii. 409, and his Ahalya-Achilleus, Berl. Ak. 1887. The original Greek is edited by Schwanbeck. On Darius' conquest see Marshman, i. p. 10.

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² Sixth or eighth century, developed with Buddhistic or Greek influence.

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³ An example of the survival of the Hindu cult in the Çrāuta ritual is given by Weber, IS. v. 437, Çabalī-homa.

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⁴ Weber on Skanda, IS. iii. 478.

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¹ Compare also Malcolm, AR. xi (1812), 197; ZKM. v. 1, Die Religion und der Staat der Sikh.

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² The Dabistān or School of Manners, translated from the Persian, with notes by Shea and Troyer, 1843.

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¹ Williams' Hinduism and the third chapter of Wilkins' Modern Hinduism contain a list of the modern festivals. Grierson, Peasant Life, describes Behār.

Wild Tribes

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Johnston, Yellow Men of India; Hunter, *loc. cit.*; Hewitt, Early History of Northern India (speculative), JRAS. xx. 321, etc.; Oppert, Original Inhabitants, Madras Journal, 1887, 1888; Breeks, Account of Primitive Tribes, etc. (Nilagiris, Todas); Hodgson, Aboriginal Tribes, JAS. Beng., xxv. 31; Samuelis, Native Dress and Religious Dances, *ib.* 295; Neumann, English Realm in India, ii; Latham, Ethnology of India; Macpherson, JRAS. 1842, p. 172, and 1852, p. 216 (Khonds); Briggs, Aboriginal Races, *ib.* 275; Sherring, Hindu (Bengal) Tribes; the Sacred City of the Hindus; also Bhar-tribe by the same, JRAS. v. 376; Risley, Tribes and Castes of Bengal; Rowney, Wild Tribes; Khonds, Koles,² Sāuras, Gonds (and Bhils) JRAS. 1852, p. 216 (1844, p. 181); also *ib.* 1842, p. 172; Marshman, History, iii. p. 108 (Khonds); thirty Snake-tribes, JRAS. xii. 229; *ib.* 1859, p. 1,³ Frye, Uriya and Khonds, religious dances, p. 16; creed and sacrifice, pp. 20, 36; Marshman ii. p. 164 (infanticide);

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² Mōns and Koles, JRAS. x. 234. Lards, Congress, 1874, by Drew; 1880, by Leitner.

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³ Snake-nation in America, Shoshone, Clark, Sign-language, p. 337; snake-symbol of life, Schoolcraft, i. 375.

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Kitt, Compendium of Castes and Tribes found in India; Santhāls, JRAS. 1852, p. 285; IA. xxii. 294 (emigration); Avery, Aboriginal Tribes, IA. xiv. 125; Carnegy, Races Tribes and Castes (Oude); Dalton (Bengal), Descriptive Ethnology; Social Customs in Kashmir and Oude, IA. xviii. 287, 386; Campbell, Santāl folklore (totemistic origin from goose);¹ Korkūs, Kolarian Tribe in middle of (Dravidian) Gonds, JRAS. xvi. 164; Newbold, Chenchwars, wild tribe in forests of eastern Ghauts, JRAS. 1845, p. 271; Cain, Koi, southern tribe of Gonds, JRAS. xiii. 410 (witches, Pandus, etc.); Dunbar, Lurka Koles, JRAS., 1861, p. 370; Dravidians, Kittel, and Caldwell, loc. cit.; Polyandry, Thomas, JRAS. xi. 37; Simpson (rites, sacrifices, etc.), Pūjas in the Sutlej valley, JRAS. xvi. 13; Burnell, Devil-worship of Tuluvas, IA. 1894; Waddell, Frog-worship (Nepal), IA. xxii. 293; Steere, Swahili Tales, IA. passim.² A volume has lately been published on the Chittagong Hill Tribes³ by Riebeck with superb illustrations; and photographic illustrations of racial types may be studied in Watson’s and Kaye’s volumes, The People of India. Discussion (biassed) of rājputs of Scythian origin, Elphinstone, i. 440. On Dravidian literature, see Elliot, IA. xvi. 158. On Gipsies, Grierson, ib. 35; etymology, ib. 239.

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¹ Totemism repudiated, Kennedy, on Nāgas, JRAS. xxiii. 480.

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² The Indian Antiquary contains a vast fund of folk-lore stories of more or less religious importance. See Barth’s note, Rev. xxix. 55, for the Orientalist.

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³ Early accounts of Burmah will be found in Buchanan’s Religion and Literature of the Burmas, AR. vi. 163; of the Rājmahal tribes, T. Shaw, ib. iv. 45; of the inhabitants of the Garrow Hills, Eliot, ib. iii. 17; of the Kookies, MacRae (or McRae), ib. vii. 183; of Nepal (temples, etc.), ib. ii. 307. An account of the Tibeto-Burman tribes by Damant will be found in JRAS. xii. 228.

Geography, India and the West

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Schmidt, Die Urheimath d. Indog. u. d. europäische Zahlsystem, Sitz. Berl. Akad. 1890, p. 297; Hirt,⁴ Die Urheimath d. Indogermanen, IF. i. 464; Schrader, Sprachvergleichung und Urgeschichte, p. 616; Lassen, Indische Alterthumskunde, i. 643; Vivien de Saint Martin, Études sur la Géographie du Véda; Zimmer, Altindisches Leben, p. 3; Aufrecht, ZDMG. xiii. 498 (Rasā as Milky Way); Ludwig, Nachrichten über Geographie, etc.; Whitney, Language and the Study of Language; Oldenberg, Buddha, p. 399 (we cite from the first edition); Thomas, Rivers of the Rig Veda, JRAS. xv. 357.¹ On the relations of the Hindus and the West: Weber (relations with Semites), Indische Skizzen, and Die Griechen in Indien, in Sitz. Berl. Akad. 1890, p. 901; Steinthal, ZDMG. xi. 396; Grill, ib. xxvii. 425; Stein, IA. xvii. 89. Leo's view in regard to German-Indian unity (reviewed, ZDMG. viii. 389) is worth citing as a curiosity.² Brunnhofer's works have been cited above, p. 15. On the Beziehungen der Indier zum Westen a valuable article has lately been written by Franke (ZDMG. xlvii. 595). Weber, Ueber d. Pārasīprakaça d. Kṛṣṇadāsa, as well as in his Rājasūya, Vājapeya, Vedische Beiträge, etc., has treated of the relations with Persia (Fables, IS. iii. 327). In the works cited above the same author has discussed the relations with all other Western nations, including the Greeks, on which Sykes, Notes on Religious State of India, JRAS. 1841, p. 243, is readable; Bohlen, Altes Indien, and Lévi, La Grèce et l'Inde d'après les documents indiens (revue des études grecques, 1891) should be read.³ The subject of Early Christianity in India has been treated by Burnell, IA. iii. 308, iv. 153, etc. (see also above, p. 479); while Priaulx, in JRAS. 1861, 1862, has written a series of interesting articles on India's Connection with Rome. The Indian travels of Apollonius of Tyana, JRAS. 1859, p. 70, etc., are of no value beside those of Ktesias and Megasthenes. The origin of the Hindu Alphabet and the native system of Dates have to do with the originality of parts of Hindu literature, but these outlying subjects, which have a literature of their own, we can only touch upon. A good résumé of the discussion in regard to the alphabet will be found in JRAS. xvi. 325, by Cust; a new theory of Franke's, ZDMG. xlvi.

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