The Samkhya System: A History of the Samkhya Philosophy c11.43

c11.43

The Kārikā, however, gives, beside this eightfold division which is frequently referred to, another division of fifty states, divided under four heads. These are the five Viparyayas, erroneous views, the twenty-eight Aśaktis, lack of power; the nine Tuṣṭis, satisfactions; and the eight Siddhis, perfections. The five Viparyayas, which are comparable with the five Kleśas of the Yoga system, Avidyā, Asmitā, Rāga, Dvesha, and Abhiniveśa, are Tamas, darkness; Moha, confusion; Mahāmoha, deep confusion; Tāmisra, gloom; and Andhatāmisra, dark gloom. There are eight kinds of Tamas, explained by the commentators as the error of regarding nature, intellect, individuation or the five fine elements as the soul; eight of Moha, explained as the belief of the gods that their eight perfections are not liable to be lost; ten Mahāmohas, the devotion of the gods and of men to sensations of sound, touch, colour, taste, and smell; eighteen Tāmisras, jealousy arising in connection with the ten objects of sense, and the eight Siddhis, and eighteen Andhatāmisras, the fear of losing these eighteen objects. There are eighteen Aśaktis, eleven of them the weaknesses of the ten senses and mind, and the remaining seventeen the defects of intellect which prevent the attainment of the nine Tuṣṭis and eight Siddhis. The nine Tuṣṭis consist of four internal, the belief in the winning of final release through nature, asceticism, time or good fortune, and the five outer, consisting of the renunciation of the sensations of touch, etc. The eight Siddhis, unlike the other Bhāvas, directly help to final release: they are meditation, study, scripture, the removal of sorrow caused by ourselves, by others or by fate, the winning of friends and Dāna, which would normally be deemed to refer to generosity, but which has been rendered* purification of the mind, since otherwise the Siddhis do not seem to contain anything corresponding to knowledge.