The Doctrine of the Jainas, Described after the Old Sources c10.2

c10.2

§136. The mode of life practised in the monastic community¹ is called *kappa*. While the late Pancakappa knows of up to 42 different *kappa* divided among five different methods (§ 52), we have but six according to the old tradition (Thāṇ. 167b, 371b; K. 6, 14). Thus the monastic order, the *kappa-ṭṭhii*, is sixfold. Before his consecration the monk lives in the state of the *sāmāiya-* (or *s.-samjaya-*)*-ṭṭhii* (§ 138). It also includes the followers of Pāsa (§ 16) who do not take the vows. The monks of the *chevaṭṭhāvaṇiya-k.-ṭṭh.* are exclusively followers of Mahāvīra. They have gone through with the process of taking the vows (*uvaṭṭhāvaṇa*) thus ending either their state as pupils or their membership of the *Pāsavacijja*, unless it be that, as a punishment of the *cheya* (§ 16 ), they were forced to repeat it. Another pair are the *nivvisamāṇa-* and the *nivviṭṭhakāīya-k.-ṭṭh.* of those monks that were sentenced to disciplinary punishment (§ 161). The teaching of right conduct (§ 177) which starts with the two mentioned first comprises the last two by a special name. A third pair is, in a certain way formed by the *jiṇa-* and the *thera-k.-ṭṭh.* for qualifying such monks that, for the purpose of some extra self-castigation, have withdrawn from the community (§ 142), and such following the general rules. (§ 140).