The Doctrine of the Jainas, Described after the Old Sources c6.6

c6.6

For discussing the individual classes we have to start from the fact that every half-course contains 6 periods (§ 120) within which the condition of the world either deteriorates—as is the case in the osappiṇī—or improves—as in the ussappiṇī. In the third of these periods, illustrated by the wheel-spoke of 'good-bad' (susama-dūsamā), that is to say in its last third, the legislators and founders of civilisation (kulagara) made their appearance, 15 in number acc. to Jambudd. 132b, and 7 acc. to Thāṇ. 398a ; Samav. 150b ; Āv. 148. Their names are: Sumai, Paḍissui, Sīmaṃkara, Sīmaṃdhara, Khemaṃkara, Khemaṃdhara (thus far in Jambudd. only), Vimalavāhaṇa, Cakkhumam, Jasamam, Abhicaṇḍa, Caṇḍābha (in Jambudd. only), Paseṇai, Marudeva, Nābhi, Usabha (in Jambudd. only). The last of these names is due only to unnecessarily adding the 1st Titthagara. Without it we have 14 names after the example of the 14 Manu¹, though the 7 first names are for the most part rather poorly invented, and most certainly the second row of 7 is the original one. Now the kulagaras introduced punishments (daṇḍa-nīti) which, however, consisted in not more than in admonition, warning and reprimand (hakkāra, ma-kkāra, dhikkāra). Every new kind³ came to be of common usage with the 6th and 11th kulagara (Āv. 165 f. : 1.3.5.).