Mathematics in Ancient and Medieval India c7.3

c7.3

In India, the geometrical methods of solving algebraic problems, have been traced to the various *Śulbasūtras* of Baudhāyana, Āpastamba, Kātyāyana, Mānava and a few others. These problems, involving solutions of linear, simultaneous and even indeterminate equations, arose in connection with the construction of different types of sacrificial altars and arrangements for laying bricks into them. In the development of early mathematics, when the symbols for operation began to be used in the computations, a new branch evolved being separated from arithmetic and geometry which is known as algebra. The differentiation of algebra as a distinct branch from mathematics in general took place, from about the time of Brahmagupta (628 A. D.), following the technique of indeterminate analysis (*kuṭṭaka*). In fact, Brahmagupta used the terms *kuṭṭaka*, *kuṭṭa-gaṇita* to singnify algebra. The term *bījagaṇita* meaning science of calculation with elements or unknown quantities (*bīja*) was hinted by Pṛthudakasvāmī (850 A. D.) and used with definition by Bhāskara II (1150 A. D.).