History of Technology in India, Vol. I: From Antiquity to c. 1200 A.D. v1.c12.s1.t6.2

v1.c12.s1.t6.2

Ancient workings are found at the outcrops on the ridge of Zawarmala, some 120 m deep below the surface. At the surface mine workings occur at intervals of 50 m or so on either side of narrow valley formed by denudation of an anticline at the top of the ridge. Most are very small openings directly into the host beds, inclined at up to 40°. Only a few shafts are visible at the surface. At one of the mines, known as Pratap khan the entry to the mine is from a small quarry, obviously the result of opencast working of ore. Excavations have been done by ‘gads’ (pointed chisels) and traces of ‘gad’ marks are common in the quarry, and in the [Figure: ZAWARMALA MINE Modern 70m level modern raise Long Stope Wide Stope Timber Chamber Main Chamber Double Arches Promonontory N Top Chamber Oldest Workings 0 metres 20]