History of Technology in India, Vol. I: From Antiquity to c. 1200 A.D. v1.c40: Index

History of Technology in India, Vol. I: From Antiquity to c. 1200 A.D. v1.c40

Language: English

Index

v1.c40.1

Abbevillian technique, 6 *Abhidhānacintāmaṇi*, 433 *Abhidhānaratnamālā*, 433 *Abhilasitārtha Cintāmaṇi*, 321 Acetic fermentation, 444-447 Acheulian culture, 7 Acheulian industry, 26 Acheulian technique, 7 *Agni Purāṇa*, 298 Agriculture appliances, 391-392 crop seasons, 416 devices for lifting water, 426-427 history, 434, 475 irrigation, 417-429 manuring, 410-416 pesticide, 406-409 persian wheel, 428 plantation, 398-406 ploughed field, 434 ploughing, 397-398 seeds, 400-402 soil, 398-400 sowing, 402-404 transplantation, 404-406 Agricultural surplus, 688 Agriculture and Forestry, 522 *Ahar* excavations, 254 *Āin-i-Akbarī*, 298, 447 Ailments, 478-479 Ajanta, 476, 637 Ajanta painting, 475 *Ajīna*, 642 *Ajñānabodhinī*, 433 *Akārādhyakṣa*, 49 *Ālamgīr Nāmāh*, 621 *Al-Bīrūnī’s* India, 644, 674 Alcoholic drinks, 461-466 Alloy, 146-153

v1.c40.2

Alloying pattern, 34 *Amarakośa*, 473, 588 Angling, 491 *Aṅgula*, 664-667 Animals and their types, 485-486 Animal training, 483-484 Antimony, 145 *Anuyogadvāra Sūtra*, 675 *Anvīkṣikī*, 692 *Aparājitapṛccha*, 433, 555 Appliances, agriculture, 391-392 *Aratni*, 665-666 Archaeological chemistry, 206 Archaeological sites, 6-20, 35, 47, 209-210 Archaeology, history, 174 Archaeo-metallurgy, 173 Arms and Armour, 661 Arsenic, 145 Arsenic alloying, 33-34 *Arthaśāstra* of Kauṭilya, 32, 49-50, 78, 171, 321, 433, 522, 675 *ākaradhyakṣa* (director of mining), 49 *dhātuśāstra* (metallurgy), 49 *karmāntas*(factories), 49 mining, 49 purity of metals, 18 Artifacts, 31-32, 37, 39 *Āryabhaṭīya* of Āryabhaṭa, 675 *Aṣṭādhyāyī* of Pāṇini, 433, 588, 674, 701 *Aṣṭāṅgahṛdaya*, 286, 355 *Aśvaśāstra*, 488 *Aśvavaidyakam*, 487-488 *Atharvaveda*, 322 *Atranjikhera* excavations, 223, 254, 434 Autochthonous vedic culture, 682

v1.c40.3

Ayurvedic system, 475

v1.c40.4

Ballālacarita, 475 Bamboo crafts, 389 Banas culture, 35-37 Bangle industry, 254 Bark cloth, 390 Bāsava Purāṇa, 322 Bead carnelian, 253 Bead composition, 223 Bead factories, 28 Bead industry, 230-231 Beads, 233-237 Beer, 441-442 Bengal, history, 474 Besanagar excavations, 588 Bhāgavata Purāṇa, 322 Bhojarāja-Yuktikalpataru, 522 Bhūrja-patra, 641 Black-and -red ware, 189-191 Blacksmith, 174 Blade, 9-14, 26 Block printing, 387 Boats, 592-605 Boats and boxes, 655-657 Boat types, 602 Body measure, 664 Bone, 21, 27 Bone craftmanship, 21 Bower manuscript, 322 Breeding, 484-485 Brahma Purāṇa, 322 Brahmasūtra, 433 Breeding practices, 488 Bṛhaddevatā, 298 Bṛhat Saṃhitā, 298, 322, 435, 555, 588, 638, 675 Bricks, 510-513, 640 Brass, 31, 32, 76,78, 255 Brass and Zinc metallurgy, 701 Bṛhaspatismṛti, 433 Bronze, 31,76 Bronze age technology, 28-46, 682-683 bead factories, 28

v1.c40.5

bronze materials, 38-39 copper hoard, 40-46 pottery, 40-41 weights and measures, 28 Bronze materials, 38-39 Bronze working, 38 Buddhist monument, 523 Buff-or orange-slipped pottery, 37 Building and building materials bricks, 510-513 mortars and plasters, 513-514 stone and rock architecture, 506-509 wood, 514-521

v1.c40.6

Cakra Datta, 286 Cakra-saṃgraha, 447 Cālukyas, 474, 589 Canals, 570-574, 590 Caraka Saṃhitā, 286, 355,447 Carbon dating, 99-101 Carbon datings of ore mines, 227-229 Carburization, 130-136 Carts, 592-605 Caste, 691 Casting, 173, 177-180, 617 Cattlekeepers, 472 Caustic application, 329-330 Cave temples, 523 Celadon, 204-205 Ceramic and glass composition, 216 Ceramic glazes, 206 Ceramics, Indian black-and -red ware, 189-191 chalcolithic painted pottery, 195-204 harappan pottery, 191-193 ochre coloured pottery, 194-195 painted grey, 207 Ceramics Chinese celadon, 204-205 ceramic glazes, 206 porcelain, 204-205 Chalcolithic cultures, 35-40 artifacts, 39 metal technology, 39-40 Chalcolithic painted pottery, 195-204 *Chāndogya Upaniṣad*, 433 Chanhudaro excavations, 20, 47, 254, 474 Chariot measure, 664 Chariots, 593-605 Chellean technique, 7 Chemistry, Indian history, 322, 644 Chemistry, industrial, 323 Chopper chopping, 4, 26 Chronology, metal development, 80-81 Cire perdue, 31, 33-34 Civil war, 680 Cleaver, 8 Clinical surgery, 327-328 Cloth, 642 Coal, 32 Coinage, 172, 702 Coin-making casting, 177-180 die -struck, 175,181-184 minting, 177, 184, 186 moulds, 177-180 punch-marked, 175,177 repoussé technique, 175,180-181 silver coin, 177 technics, 175-184, 187 types, 175-176 Colas, 474, 589, 605 Cooking, 474 Cold water and ice, 472 Colour, 365-366 Colouring agents, 213,217,306-307,317-319 Composition of minerals, 246-247 Compounds mercurial, 261-263,265-266,269,272,282-28 Copper, 20, 32, 51-56,78,92-9 Copper alloys, 253 Copper belt, 78 Copper -bronze age, 20, 47, 253, 700 Copperhoard, 20,40-47

v1.c40.7

Copper hoard cultures metal technology, 46 problem, 47 tools, 40-45 Copper metallurgy, 78 Copper minerals, 31 Copper smelting, 254 Copper tools, 31 Copper working, 20,38, 253 Corbiac blade technique, 26 Core, 12-14 Cosmetics and Perfumes, 287-299 Cotton, 365, 388, 390 Cotton dyeing, 387 Crop, 434 Crop seasons, 416 Crucible steel, 50 Culla Vagga, 322 Cultivated plants, 388

v1.c40.8

Dams, 563-564 Dancing girl, 33 *Daṇḍas*, 665-666 *Daśakumāracarita*, 473 Demons, 475 Devices for lifting water, 426-427 *Dharmaśāstra*, history, 589 *Dhātuśāstra*(metallurgy), 49 *Dhātuvāda*, 322 *Dhuli*, 631,641 Diagonistic medical technique, 344-347 Diamonds, 32, 78, 244-245 Die-struck, 175,181-184 Disease conditions,478-479 Distillation, 474 Dyes and dyeing, 389 Dyes, Mordants and Pigments colouring agents, 317-319 dyeing agents, 306-307 mineral dyes, 308 natural dyes, 301-306 mordants, 304-305 painting medium, 309-316

v1.c40.9

Dykes, 576

v1.c40.10

Economic conditions, Gupta period, 589 Economic conditions, Karnataka, 589 Economic conditions, Madras Presidency, 590 Economic factors, Kuṣāṇa, 702 Economic geology, 522 Economic products, 390, 476 Embankments, 574-576 Environment, Mohenjodaro, 590 Epigraphical glossary, 435 Ethnobotany, 388 Ethnology, 477-478 Examination, medical procedure, 348-349

v1.c40.11

Fabricks, 388 Fabrication of glass, 218-220 Fahien, 676 Feeder channel, 571 Felt making, 388 Fermentation technology acetic fermentation, 444-447 beer, 441-442 fermentation, 445 intoxicating drinks, 442-444 spirituous fermentation, 438-440 soma, 438-441 vinegar, 441-442 Fibres, 357-362 Fibrous plants, 389 Fish and fisheries, India, 497 Fisheries, 495 Fisheries management, 495 Fishery research institute, 497 Fishing implements, 490-492 Fishing technique, 496-497, Fish species, 493,495-496 Flake, 3, 9-14 Flaking, 1,3,5,9-12 Flax, 387 Flora Indica, 389 Foetal malpresentation, 334-335

v1.c40.12

Folk prescriptions, 488 Food storage, 459 Food technology alcoholic drinks, 461-466 cold water and ice, 472 devices and methods, 450-452 food storage, 459 honey, 470-471 kitchen and table utensils, 452-459 oilseed processing, 467-468 parched, puffed & parboiled rice, 466-467 professional cooking and dining, 460 salt, 471-472 sugarcane processing, 468-470 pounding, 448-450 winnowing, 450 Foreign elements in glass, 218. Fortification and forts, 524-538 Furnaces, 165-169 Furniture, 623-636, 637

v1.c40.13

Gandhasāra, 298 Ganga valley fortifications, 538 Ganga-Vindhya culture, 679 Gaṇitasārasaṃgraha of Mahāvīra, 434, 675 Garments, 649-651 Gathasaptasati, 322, 621 Gaudavaho, 322 Gem minerals, 225-230,237-241,246, 701 Geology, manual, 253 Gild, 475, 703 Gilding, 616 Glass archaeological sites, 209-210 beads, 224 centres of manufacture, 220-221 ceramic & glass composition, 216 chinese, 223 colouring agents, 213, 217,224 fabrication, 218-220 features, 213 foreign elements, 218 indian, 23-224 industry, 211-212 objects, 209-211, 214-216 tools, 221-223 Glass industries, 223 Glass making, 223 Glazes, 206 Gold, 32, 56-62, 79, 86-88, 172 Gold and silver, 259,265,267-268,271,284 Gold mining, 78 Gold weight, 668-670 Gold working, 38,253 Goods,early Indian variety, 648-649 Gradual diffusion, 686-687 Grinding, 23 Grinding and pounding, 448-450 Gunja, 668-669

v1.c40.14

Hafting, 21 Halāyudhakosa, 433 Handaxe, 5, 8 Harappan culture, 28-35 alloying pattern, 34 arsenic alloying, 33-34 artifacts, 31-32 cire perdue, 31,33-34 copper minerals, 31 copper tools, 31 dancing girl, 33 kilns, 192 metal technology, 31-35 potter's wheel, 192 tin alloying, 33-34 Harappan excavations, 206, 255, 676 Harappan fortifications, 538 Harappan metal technology, 253 Harappan pottery, 191-193,206 Harappan radio carbon dates, 29-30 Harṣacarita, 322, 434, 473, 621 Hastinapur excavation, 254 Hazards of water routes, 597-598 Hernia, 340 Herscovits, M. J., 26

v1.c40.15

Hindu civilisations, 701 Hindu iconography, 637 Hindu mathematics, 644 Hindu temple, 523 Honey, 470-471 Honey industry, 473 Hoysala period, 634-636 Hydrocle, 335-340

v1.c40.16

Ikṣvāku period, 632 Inamgaon excavations, 205, 434 Indian anthropology, 497 Indian archaeology, 522 Indian architecture, 522 Indian art, history, 522, 621 Indian bee, 473 Indian civilization, 538 Indian dietetics, 473 Indian farming, 488 Indian fauna, 497 Indian megaliths, 590 Indian paleography, 644 Indian science, philosophical basis, 701 Indian silk court, 390 Indian warfare, 538 Indigenous drugs, 488, 489 Indigo, 389 Indo-Aryan languages, 476 Indonesian art, history, 522 Indus civilisation, 28-35, 47, 207, 254, 433 Indus-Mesopotamian relation, 47 Industry,glass, 211-212 Ink, 643-644 Inland fisheries angling, 491 fisheries, 495 fisheries management, 495 fishing implements, 490-492 fishing technique, 496-497 fish species, 493,495-496 Innudation canals, 571 Instruments, surgical, 335-338 Intestinal obstruction, 333-334

v1.c40.17

Intoxicating drinks, 442-444 Invation, India, 254 Iron, 259-261,265,268-269, 280-281, 434 Iron age, 171, 683-686, 688-690, 701 Iron and steel, 78,98-136, 171 Iron artifacts, 701 Iron objects, 99-120, 701 Iron pillar, 105-108, 171 Iron smithing, 172 Iron technology, 702 Iron tools, 102-104 Iron weight, 669-670 Irrigation, 417-429, 434, 556-562, 589 Irrigation works canals, 570-574 dams, 563-564 dykes, 576 embankments, 574-576 feeder channel, 571 innundation canals, 571 reservoirs, 564-566 sluices, 566-570 spring channels, 572 water-lifting devices, 579-583 water supply, 583-588 wells, 576-579 Ivory, 38

v1.c40.18

Jaiminīya Brāhmaṇa, 589 Jātakas, 589 Jātakaparijātaka, 488 Jātaka tales, fish, 497 Jewellery casting, 617 dies or thappa technique, 617 early ornaments, 608-613 enamelling , 618-619 filigree, 618 gems, 606 gilding, 617 inlay works; 619-620 ornaments gupta period, 613-615 studding of gems, 620-621 tools and implements, 615-616

v1.c40.19

Jorwe culture, 37-39, 473 bronze working, 38 copper working, 38 ivory, 38 gold working, 38 Jorwe excavation, 20 Jorwe ware, 198-200

v1.c40.20

Kādambarī, 322, 621 Kalamkarī, 389 Kalavali, 589 Kalibangan excavations, 675 Kalibangan rādio carbon dates, 29-30 Kālikā Purāṇam, 298-299 Kali yuga , 672 Kalpa, 672 Kāmasūtra, 472 Kāni paśminā, 389 Karmāntas(factories), 49 Karṣa, 668-670 Kāśyapa Samhitā, 355 Kathākośa, 434 Katyāyana Śrautasūtra, 447 Kauśāmbī excavations, 523, 538 Kāvya-mīmāṃsā, 621 Kayatha culture, 37 Kayatha radio carbon dates, 37 Kayatha ware, 195 Kerala, history, 476 Khajuraho, 474 Khetri copper ore, 39, 255 Khuddaka Nikāya, 298 Kilns, 192 Kitchen and table utensils, 452-459 Kolar gold fields, 32, 79 Kot Diji excavations, 538 Kṛṣi-Parāśara, 434 Kṛṣṇala , 668-670 Kṛtyakalpataru, 434 Kṣaṇa, 672-674 Kumrahar excavations, 433, 522, 588 Kural, 589 Kuśajātakam, 322 Kuṭṭanimatam, 621 Kuvalayamalakathā, 424

v1.c40.21

Land system, 589 Lapidary training, 254 Lalitavistāra, 675 Lamination technique, 701 Laya vādyas, 661 Lead, 32, 62-65, 79,88-92 Lead coin, 254 Lead-Zinc mining, 78 Leather, 661 Leather craft boats and boxes, 655-657 garments, 649-651 goods,early indian variety, 648-649 hides and skin, 661 in India, 661 in Persia, 661 museum, 662 parchment, 657-661 processing of skins, 645-647 sandal, 651-655 uses, 645-647 Leather footwear, 661 Leather industry, 662 Leather manufacture, 661 Leather parchment, 662 Leather tanning, 661 Lenear measure, 676 Levallios techniques, 2,16-20 Life cycle of artifacts, 82-83 Līlāvatī, 434 Linen, 387 Lokāyata, 701 Loom, 360, 363-364, 366-384, 388, 390 Lipimālā, 644 Lothal excavations, 47, 255, 538 Lothal mineral products, 233-234 Loustrous red ware,200

v1.c40.22

Mādhavanidāna, 355 Madhukośa, 355 Madrasian culture, 7 Mahābhārata, 298, 434, 590, 661 Mahāvagga, 322 Malwa culture, 37

v1.c40.23

artifacts, 37 pottery, 37 Malwa culture radio carbon dates, 37 Malwa ware, 195-198 Mānasāra, 522, 637 Mānasollāsa, 299, 435 Manimekalai, 588 Manufacture of glass, 220-221 Manuring, 410-416 Marco Polo travels, 662 Marakata, 241-244 Maria gonds, 497 Māṣa, 667-669 Maski excavations, 207 Materia Medica, Indian, 299 Matsyapurāṇa, 435, 474 Mature Harappan culture, 679-682 Mayamata, 555 Medical techniques diagnostic, 344-347 examination procedures, 348-349 prognostic, 349-350 therapeutic, 350-355 Medicinal plants, 488 Medicine Indian history, 343 Megalithic problems, 588 Mehargarh excavations, 254, 702 Mensuration, 476 Metal casting, 153-157 Metal implements, 436 Metallurgy, 78, 173 Metal Museum, 172 Mohenjodaro excavations, 224, 434 Mughal glazed ware, 203-204 Mehargarh materials, 229-230 Mercury, 144,267,270-271,277-280 Mercurial and Metallic compounds gold & silver, 259, 265, 267-268, 271, 284 iron, 259-261, 265, 268-269, 280-281 other compounds, 261-263, 265-266, 269, 272, 282-283 mercury, 267, 270-271, 277-280 processing, 263-264, 273-275,280, 285

v1.c40.24

Mesolithic period techniques microliths blade, 21-23 hafting, 21 tools, 21-23 Metallic slags, 249-251 Metalliferous ores, 247-249 Metals, 639-640 Metal technology, 31-35,39-40,4 Metallurgy, 171, 173-174 Metrological concepts, 435 Metrology and Coinage, 675 Metrology history, 675 Microliths blade, 21-23 Medieval decadence, 696-697 Milindāpanho, 523 Mineral dyes, 308 Mineral industry, 32, 78 Minerals bead industry, 230-231 beads from different sites, 233-237 carbon datings of ore mines, 227-229 composition, 246-247 gem-minerals, 225-230, 237-241, 246 lothal products, 233-234 marakata, 241-244 mehargarh materials, 229-230 metallic slags, 249-251 metalliferous ores, 247-249 non-gem minerals, 225 steatite beads, 231-232 types of evidences, 225-226 vaidurya, 241-244 wealth, 253 zawar material analysis, 251-252 Mineral wealth, 522 Mining, 49, 255 Mining, Metals and Metallurgy antimony, 145 arsenic, 145 brass, 31,76, 78 bronze, 31,76 carbon dating, 99-101 carburization, 130-136 chronology, 80-81

v1.c40.25

copper, 51-56, 78, 92-98 diamond, 244-245 gold, 56-62, 79,86-88 iron and steel , 78, 98-136 iron objects, 99-120 iron pillar, 105-108 lead, 62-65,79,88-92 life-cycle of artifacts, 82-83 manuscript reference, 84-86 mercury, 144 mining, 49 silver, 62-65, 88-92 tin, 144 wootz steel, 130-136 zinc, 62-79, 136-144 Minting, 177,184-186 Mitākṣarā, 433 Monastery, 475, 703 Mohenjodaro excavations 206, 254, 522, 675 Mordants, 304-305 Mortars and plasters, 513-514 Moulds, 177-180 Mudrārākṣasas, 622 Muhūrta, 671-674 Musical instruments, 661 Muṣṭi, 667 Mythology, Hindu, 476

v1.c40.26

Nāgarjunākoṇḍa, 523, 621 Nāgasarvasva, 299 Nal excavations, 497 Nanmanikkādigai, 589 Nārada smṛti, 589 Natural dyes, 301-306 Nāṭyaśāstra, 322, 637 Nāvanitakam, 299, 322 Neanderthal man, 9 Neolithic period techniques direct percussion, 23 grinding, 23 pecking, 23 tools, 23-26 Nizam's dominion, 588 Nolamba period, 633

v1.c40.27

Non-gem minerals, 225 Northern black polished ware, 201-203

v1.c40.28

Objects,glass 209-211,214-216 Ochre coloured pottery, 40-41,194-195 Oilseed processing, 467-468 Oldovan culture, 4, 26 Old stone age, 26 Ornaments, 173, 613-615, 621

v1.c40.29

Painted grey, 207 Painted grey ware, 200-201 Painting medium, 309-316 Paleolithic period techniques retouching, 20 bone craftmanship, 21 Pañcakhyanaka, 435 Pañcatantram, 299 Pāṇḍu Rājār Dhibi, 702 Paṇṭādhyakṣa, 668 Paper, 642-643, 644 Paradigm, 678-681, 701 Parboiled rice, 466-467 Parchment, 657-661 Pariśrut, 447 Patañjali-kālin Bhārat, 433 Pāṭī, 639, 641 Parva, 664, 667 Percussion, 23 Percussion hammer, 4,6 Pecking, 23 Persian wheel, 428, 435, 588 Pesticide, 406-409 Philosophical trends, Indian system, 702 Piles and fistula, 328-330 Plastic surgery, 340-342, 342 Plantation, 398-406 Plant remains, 522 Plastering, 328 Ploughing, 397-398, 436 Porcelain, 204-206 Potter's wheel, 192

v1.c40.30

Pottery, 37,40-41,191-203,206-207, 474, 702 Pottery buff- or orange-slipped, 37 harappan, 191-193, 206 jorwe ware, 198-200 kayatha ware, 195 lustrous red ware, 200 malwa ware, 195-198 mughal glazed ware, 203-204 northern black polished ware, 201-203 painted grey ware 200-201, 435 ochre-coloured, 40-41 Power structure, 692-694 Prabhudeva Purāṇa, 474 Precious stone, 253 Pre-Harappan culture, 678-682 Processing, mercury, 263-264, 273-275, 280, 285 Processing of skins, 645-647 Professional cooking and dining, 460 Prognosis, 487 Prognostic, medical, 349-350 Punch-mark coin, 175,177 Puffed rice, 466-467 Purity of metals, 185 Purūṣa, 664-665 Pūrvis, 672

v1.c40.31

Radio carbon dates, 253, 472 harappan, 29-30 kalibangan, 29-30 kayatha, 37 malwa culture, 37 Raghuvamśa, 621 Rājatarangiṇī, 590 Rajgir, 522 Rāmāyaṇa, 299, 447, 474, 475, 605 Rasahṛdaya, 447 Rasahṛdayatantra, 286 Rasaprakāśa Sudhākara, 286 Rasārṇava Tantra, 286 Rasaprakāśasudhākara, 322 Rasaratnasamuccaya, 171, 173, 322

v1.c40.32

Rasaratna Samuccaya-ṭīkā, 447 Rasārṇava, 322 Rasendra Cintāmaṇi, 286 Rasendra Cūḍāmaṇi, 286 Rasopaniṣat, 447 Rayanaparikkha, 255 Ray, P. C. autobioghaphy; 703 Reh soils, 253 Repousse technique, 175,181-184 Reservoirs, 564-566 Retouching, 20 Ṛgveda, 173, 590 Ṛgvedic warriors, 683 Road types, 595-596 Rose-growing, 298 Ṛtusamhār, 323, 621

v1.c40.33

Śakuntalam, 621 Salt, 471-472 Samarāṅganasūtradhāra 323, 555, 605 Samyukta Nikāya, 323 Sandal, 651-655 Saṅgam age, 605 Saṅgam polity, 476 Sāraṅdhara Saṃhitā, 356, 447 Sārthavaha, 435 Sarvadarśana Saṃgraha, 323 Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa, 323, 447 Science and Society, 701 Science and Technology, 701 Science in India, 702 Second urbanisation, 683-686 Secular buildings, 523 Seeds, 400-402 Shell working, 253 Śikṣāsamuccaya, 435 Silk, 364-365, 389, 390 Silk dyeing, 387 Śilppadikaram, 388, 590 Śilparatnam, 323 Silver, 62-65,88-92,173 Silver coin, 177 Silver technology, 173 Silver weight, 669-670

v1.c40.34

Siṅghbhum copper, 32 Śiśupālgarh, 522, 538 Śivatattvaratnākara, 323 Slags, 253, 255 Sluices, 566-570 Smelting, 103-113, 138-139,255 Smithy, 165-169 Soanian/ Sohanian culture, 6 Social and Economic history, 703 Social change, 435 Social factors agricultural surplus, 688 anvikṣikī, 692 autochthonous vedic culture, 682 bronze-age technology, 682-683 caste, 691 civil war, 680 decay, 698-700 Ganga-Vindhya culture, 679 gradual diffusion, 686-687 iron age, 683-686, 688-690 mature Harappan culture, 679-682 medieval decadence, 696-697 paradigm, 678-681 power structure, 692-694 pre-Harappan culture, 678-682 Rgvedic warriors, 683 second urbanisation, 683-686 sothi culture, 679 urbanisation, 695-696 Social formation, 435 Social life, 637 Soil, 398-400 Soma, 438-441 Sothi culture, 679 Sowing, 402-404 Spinning, 388 Spirituous fermentation, 438-440 Spring channels, 572 Steatite beads, 231-232 Steel crucible steel, 50 wootz steel, 50 Stone Age, 1, 4-14,26 Stone age culture, 26 abbevillian, 6 acheulian, 7 blade, 9-14, 26 chellean, 7 core, 12-14 flaking, 1, 3, 5, 9-12 levallois techniques, 2, 16-20 percussion hammer, 4, 6 tool-making, 1, 16-21,27 Stone age tools blade, 9-14,26 bone, 21, 27 chopper, 4 chopping, 4 cleaver, 8 core, 12-14 flake, 3, 9-14, handaxe, 5, 8 Stone and rock architecture, 506-509 Studding of gems, 620-621 Stupa, 621 Sugarcane processing, 468-470 Sugarcane roller mill, 473 Sukla Yajurveda, 323, 447 Sukranīti, 489, 523 Sun temple, 171 Sūpa Śāstra, 476 Surgical techniques caustic application, 329-330 clinical surgery, 327-328 foetal malpresentatio, 334-335 hernia, 340 hydrocle, 335-340 intestinal obstruction, 333-334 instruments, 335-338 piles and fistula, 328-330 plastic surgery, 340-342 plasterin, 328 treatment, 339-342 urinary calculi, 332 Suśruta Saṃhitā, 174, 286, 299, 323, 343, 447, Tāḍa-patra, 641-642 Tamil culture, 474, 476

v1.c40.35

Tamil studies, 590 Tantrakhyāyika, 435 Tarkasaṃgraha, 323 Taxila excavation, 254, 435 Technology, ancient, 447 Technology, history, 206 Technology, metal alloy, 146-153 metal casting, 153-157 smelting, 103-113, 138-139 thermal treatment, 157-165 Temple architecture structural principles, 539-555 Temple, Gujarat, 555 Textile art history, 388 Textile, history, 388 Textile industry, 387, 388 Textile, printing, 322, 389 Textile technology colour, 365-366 cotton, 365 dyeing, 387-388 fibres, 357-362 loom, 360, 363-364, 366-384 silk, 364-365 spinning, 388 weaving process, 360,376-384, 388 wool, 362-364 Therapeutic medical, 350-355 Thermal treatment, 157-165 Timber, 523 Tin, 144, 253 Tin alloying, 33-34 Tool-making, 1, 16-21 Tools, 4-14, 21-26, 40-45, 102-104, 221-223 Tools and Furnaces furnaces, 165-169 iron tools, 102-104 smithy, 165-169 stone-age, 4-14,26 surgical, 102 Tools and implements, 615-616 Town planning ancient Deccan, 590 archaeological evidence, 498-501, 503-505 literary evidence, 501-503 Transplantation, 404-406 Transportation-roads and rivers boats, 592-605 boat types, 602 carts, 592-605 chariots, 593-605 Ganga valley, 605 hazards of water routes, 597-598 road types, 595-596 sources, 599 Travel account, 621 Treatment, surgical, 339-342 Truṭis, 672 Tuzuk-i-Jehangiri, 622

v1.c40.36

Units of length measurement aṅgula, 664-667 aratni, 665-666 body measure, 664 chariot measure, 664 daṇḍas, 665-666 muṣṭi, 667 parva, 664,667 yojanas, 665-666 puruṣa, 664-665 Units of time day, 672-673 kali yuga, 672 kalpa, 672 kṣaṇa, 672-674 muhūrta, 671-674 pūrvis, 672 truṭis, 672 year, 672 yuga, 672 Units of weight gold weight, 668-670 guñja, 668-669 iron weight, 669-670 karṣa, 668-670 kṛṣṇala, 668-670 māṣa, 667-669 paṇṭādhyakṣa, 668

v1.c40.37

silver weight, 669-670 weighing balance, 667-668 Upadeśasahasrī, 435 Upamitibhavaprapañca-kathā, 436 Urbanisation, 695-696 Urban revolution, 702 Urban status vedic society, 703 Urinary calculi, 332 Uses of leather, 645-647 Uttaradhyāyana-ṭīkā, 436

v1.c40.38

Vaidūrya, 241-244 Vāi jayantī, 436 Vājasaneyī Saṃhitā, 447 Vālmīki Rāmāyaṇa, 323 Vāsavadatta, 434, 436 Vāstuśāstra, 590 Vāstuvidyā, 676 Vāteśvara Siddhānta, 676 Vedāṅga Jyotiṣa, 676 Vedic period, 49 Veterinary science ailments, 478-479 animal training, 483-484 animals & their types, 485-486 aśvavaidyakam, 487-488 breeding, 484-485 disease conditions, 478-479 ethnology, 477-478 prognosis, 487 sources, Indian, 488 written literature, 479-482 Vinaya Piṭaka, 447,638 Vipākasūtra, 447 Vinegar, 441-442 Viṣṇudharmattora Purāṇa, 299, 323 Viswakarma Vāstuśāstram, 590 Vivāha Paṭala, 323 Vṛkṣāyurveda, 434

v1.c40.39

Ware, BR, 207 Ware, caladon, 223 Ware, NB, 206 Ware, NBP, 206-207 Ware, PG, 206,435 Water-lifting devices, 579-583, 590

v1.c40.40

Water supply, 583-588 Weaving process, 360, 376-384 Weighing balance, 667-668 Weights and measures, 28,668-670 Wells, 576-579 Winnowing, 450 Wood, 514-521,631-636 Wool, 362-364 Woolen textile, 389 Wootz steel, 130-136 Writing materials *ajina*, 642 *bhūrja-patra*, 641 bricks, 640 cloth, 642 *dhūli*, 631,641 ink, 643-644 metals, 639-640 paper, 642-643 *pāṭī*, 639,641 stone, 639

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*tāḍa-patra*, 641-642 *Yājñavalka Smṛiti*, 590 *Yajurveda Saṃhitā*, 174, 590 *Yavanajātaka*, 675, 702 Yavas, 675, 676 Year, 672 Yelleswaram excavations, 434 *Yogaratnākara*, 356 *Yoga Yātrā*, 323 *Yojanas*, 665-666, 675 Yuan Chwang, 676 Yuga, 672

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Zawar material analysis, 251-252 Zinc, 32, 62-79,136-144, 172 Zinc mining, 78-79 metal alloy, 146-153 metal casting, 153-157 smelting, 103-113 thermal, 138-139 the Roman world, and the most important events of the reign of Antoninus Pius, are related by his biographer, and the reader will not be sorry to find them here in a more concise form. The reign of Antoninus Pius is marked by the rare advantage of furnishing very few materials for history; which is only another mode of saying that its happiness was complete. During the twenty-three years of his administration, the Roman empire was governed by the same invariable maxims of justice and peace. The natives of a vast extent of country were protected by the same laws, and enjoyed the same privileges. The frontiers were defended by the same legions, and the same spirit of moderation and equity prevailed in the councils of the emperor. The death of Antoninus was lamented as a public calamity; and the memory of his virtues was preserved by the gratitude of his subjects, and the imitation of his successor.

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The reign of Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, which followed, was a period of great activity and of great events. The empire was attacked on all sides by the barbarians, and the emperor was obliged to spend the greater part of his life in the camp. He was a man of a mild and philosophical temper, and he would have preferred the quiet of the study to the tumult of the field. But he was a prince of a high sense of duty, and he did not shrink from the task which was imposed upon him. He defended the frontiers with vigour, and he defeated the enemies of Rome in many a hard-fought battle. His death was a loss to the empire, and it was felt by all classes of his subjects. He was the last of the good emperors, and with him the golden age of the Roman empire may be said to have terminated.

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The character of the Roman government, under the Antonines, was that of a mild and paternal despotism. The emperor was the source of all power, and his will was the law of the land. But he was restrained by the influence of the senate, and by the force of public opinion. The senate was still a body of great dignity and importance, and its members were the principal officers of the state. The emperor was careful to consult them on all matters of importance, and he was always ready to listen to their advice. The public opinion was also a powerful check upon the actions of the emperor. The people of Rome were still a proud and independent race, and they were not afraid to express their dissatisfaction with the measures of the government. The emperor was aware of this, and he was always careful to avoid any act that would be likely to give offence to the people.

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The administration of justice was one of the most important duties of the emperor. He was the supreme judge of the empire, and he was always ready to hear the complaints of his subjects. He was assisted by a council of jurists, who were the most learned men of the age. The laws were administered with impartiality, and the rights of the citizens were protected. The taxes were moderate, and they were collected with fairness. The public works were carried on with vigour, and the cities of the empire were adorned with magnificent buildings. The trade and commerce of the empire were encouraged, and the people were prosperous and happy. The Roman empire, under the Antonines, was a model of good government, and it was the envy of the world.

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the Roman world, and the most important events of the reign of Antoninus Pius, are related by his biographer, and the reader will not be sorry to find them here in a more concise form. The reign of Antoninus Pius is marked by the rare advantage of furnishing very few materials for history; which is only another mode of saying that its happiness was complete. During the twenty-three years of his administration, the Roman empire was governed by the same invariable maxims of justice and peace. The natives of a vast extent of country were protected by the same laws, and enjoyed the same privileges. The frontiers were defended by the same legions, and the same spirit of moderation and equity prevailed in the councils of the emperor. The death of Antoninus was lamented as a public calamity; and the memory of his virtues was preserved by the gratitude of his subjects, and the imitation of his successor.