Minerals and Metals in Ancient India v1.c24.6

v1.c24.6

| Around 200 BC | The ascendence of the Roman empire |
| 59 BC | Julius Caesar elected consul. |
| 31 BC | Octavius defeats Antony and Cleopetra and annexes Egypt. |
| 27 BC-AD 14 | Known as Augustus, Octavius rules for 41 years. Start of the Indo-Roman trade through Egypt. |
| 25 BC | Strabo, the Asia Minor Greek (64 BC-AD 19) hears that 120 Roman vessels were leaving Egypt for India. |
| 22 BC | A Pāṇḍya king sends ambassador to Augustus (Strabo XV, 4, 73). |
| Before AD 14 | Hippalos discovers monsoon trade wind for direct shipping to India. |
| AD 14-AD 68 | Julio-Claudian rulers — Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius and Nero. |
| AD 69-76 | Vespasian and his sons Titus and Domitian. |
| AD 77 | *Naturalis Historia* of Pliny (AD 23-79) published, 37th chapter most valuable for our purpose. |
| 1st century AD after AD 77 | Publication of the *Periplus*. |
| AD 130 | Marinos publishes his work. |
| After AD 130 | Publication of *Geographia* of Ptolemy of Alexanderia (AD 90-168). |
| AD 130-72 | Arrian (~ AD 146) and Justin, Greek officials serving the Roman empire. |
| AD 98-192 | Roman emperors |
| | Trajan (98-117), Hadrian (117-38), Antoninus Pius (138-61), Marcus Aurelius (161-80) and Commodus (180-92). |
| | Trajan helped the Kuṣāṇas against the Pārthians. |
| AD 193-283 | Decline and disorder |
| AD 284-305 | Diocletian |
| AD 310-30 | Constantine the Great |
| AD 378-95 | Theodosius |
| AD 476 | Fall of the Roman Empire |
| 6th century AD | Cosmos described how the Persians and Arabs destroyed the Indo-Roman trade. |