History of Hindu Mathematics: A Source Book v1.c8.s1.8

v1.c8.s1.8

The twenty logistics, according to Pṛthudakasvâmî, are: (1) *saṁkalita* (addition), (2) *vyavakalita* or *vyutkalita* (subtraction), (3) *guṇana* (multiplication), (4) *bhâgahâra* (division), (5) *varga* (square), (6) *varga-mûla* (square-root), (7) *ghana* (cube), (8) *ghana-mûla* (cube-root), (9-13) *pañca jâti* (the five rules of reduction relating to the five standard forms of fractions), (14) *trairâśika* (the rule of three), (15) *vyasta-trairâśika* (the inverse rule of three), (16) *pañcarâśika* (the rule of five), (17) *sapta-râśika* (the rule of seven), (18) *navarâśika* (the rule of nine), (19) *ekâdaśarâśika* (the rule of eleven), and (20) *bhâṇḍa-pratibhâṇḍa* (barter and exchange). The eight determinations are: (1) *miśraka* (mixture), (2) *średhî* (progression or series), (3) *kṣetra* (plane figures), (4) *khâta* (excavation), (5) *citi* (stock), (6) *krâkacika* (saw), (7) *râśi* (mound), and (8) *châyâ* (shadow).