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The Materia Medica of the Hindus, compiled from Sanskrit Medical Works c5.s20: Nat. Order Santaleæ

The Materia Medica of the Hindus, compiled from Sanskrit Medical Works c5.s20

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Nat. Order Santaleæ

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SANTALUM ALBUM, *Linn.* Sans. चन्दन, *Chandana*, श्रीखण्ड, *Srikhaṇḍa*. Vern. *Chandan*, Beng. *Saphed chandan*, Hind.

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SANSKRIT writers describe several varieties of chandana and some include the woods of *Pterocarpus Santalinus* (raktachandana) and *Cæsalpinia Sappan* (pattanga) under this common denomination. Excluding these last, two varieties of sandal wood are generally recognised, namely, *srikhaṇḍa* or white sandal wood and pitachandana or the yellow variety. These varieties are founded on the difference in the depth of colour in the heart-wood and not on any specific difference in the plants. The use of sandal wood in carving, and the elegant and fragrant articles made from it, are too well known to need description here. The Hindus use an emulsion of the wood in the worship of their idols and for painting or anointing their bodies after bathing. Rich natives sometimes use sandal wood for burning their dead relatives. Rich or poor, all add at least one piece of the wood to the funeral pile.

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The essential oil of chandan (chua chandana) obtained by distillation from the heart-wood and roots, is of a pale yellow colour and has a peculiar fragrant smell best appreciated by rubbing a few drops of it on the hand. It is much used as a perfume by the Hindus both for themselves and for their idols. In Orissa it is a practice with the better classes to rub a little sandal oil in the spices which they take with their betle-leaf.

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Sandal wood is described as bitter, cooling, astringent, and useful in biliousness, vomiting, fever, thirst and heat of body. An emulsion of the wood is used as a cooling application to the skin in erysipelas, prurigo and sudamina.¹ Two tolás of the watery emulsion of sandal wood, with the addition of sugar, honey and rice-water, is given to check gastric irritability and dysentery, and to relieve thirst and heat of body.²

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¹ पित्तकते विसर्पे लेपाविधेयाः सद्यताः सुशीताः । महेच्छाः परिषेकाश्च चन्दनैर्वा प्रशस्यते । चक्रदत्तः ।

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² पीतं मधुसितायुतं चन्दनं तण्डुलाम्बुना । रक्तातीसारजिद्रक्तापित्तहृद्-दाहमेहहृत् ।। भावप्रकाशः ।

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NAT. ORDER EUPHORBIACEÆ. PHYLLANTHUS EMBLICA, Linn. Syn. Emblica officinalis, Gaertn. Sans. आमलकी, A'malaki, धात्रि, Dhátri. Vern A'mlaki, Beng. A'onlá, Hind.

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LIKE chebulic myrobalan, emblic myrobalan is also extensively used in Hindu medicine, both alone and in combination with the two other myrobalans. The fresh fruits are glolular, six-striated, with a fleshy, acidulous pulp. A preserve of the ripe fruits made with sugar, is considered a wholesome article of diet and a preservative of health. The dried fruits are wrinkled, of a blackish grey colour, and have an acidulous, astringent taste.

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The properties of emblic myrobalan are said to resemble those of the chebulic. The fresh juice is cooling, refrigerant, diuretic and laxative. The dried fruits are astringent and useful in hæmorrhages. It is said that the exudation from incisions made on the fruits while on the tree, is a very useful external application in recent inflammation of the eye. It is also used as a collyrium.¹

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¹ धात्रीफलनिर्य्यासोनवदृकोपं निहन्तिपूरणतः । तरुस्थविद्धामलकरसः सर्वाच्चि रोगनुत् । चक्रदत्तः ।

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The following preparation is used as a cooling and stomachic drink in irritability of the stomach. Take of emblic myrobalan, raisins, sugar and honey, eight tolas each, water half a seer; rub them together, strain through cloth and administer the strained fluid in suitable doses.²

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² पिष्टाधात्रीफलं द्राक्षां शर्करांमधुलोभिताम् । दत्त्वा मधुप्लवाच्चात्र कुडबं सलिलस्य च । वाससागलितं पोतं हन्तिच्छर्दिं त्रिदोषजाम् । चक्रदत्तः ।।

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About two drachms of emblic myrobalan is recommended to be given in the form of a paste, with the addition of honey for checking menorrhagia and discharge of blood from the uterus. The fresh juice of the ripe fruits is given with honey as a diuretic.³ A paste of the fruits is applied over the pubic region in irritability of the bladder.⁴

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³ धात्रीरसेन सक्षौद्रं सर्वमेहहरं परम् । चक्रदत्तः ।

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⁴ आमलक्याश्च कल्क्रेन वस्तिभागं प्रलेपयेत् । तेन प्रशाम्यति क्षिप्रं निय-मान्मूत्रनिग्रहः ।। भावप्रकाशः ।

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Khandámalaki,⁵ or confection of emblic myrobalan. Take of the pulp of an old gourd of *Benincasa cerifera*, (*kushmánda*) four hundred tolás, clarified butter two seers, sugar four hundred tolás, fresh emblic myrobalans four seers, juice of the gourd of *Benincasa cerifera*, four seers; first dry the pulp of the gourd and fry it in the clarified butter. Express the juice of the emblic myrobalan and boil the fried pulp in the mixed juices of the emblic myrobalan and the pumpkin, with the addition of the sugar. When the syrup is thick enough, add the following aromatic substances, namely, long pepper, nigella seeds and ginger, each sixteen tolás, black pepper eight tolás, coriander, cinnamon, leaves called *tejapatra*, cardamoms, flowers of *Mesua ferrea* (*nágakesara*), tubers of *Cyperus rotundus* (*mustaka*), and the leaves of *Pinus Webbiana* (*tálisa*), each two tolás, (all in fine powder) and stir with a ladle till intimately mixed. Then add honey one seer and stir well till reduced to the consistence of a confection. This preparation is said to be useful in dyspepsia with pain and vomiting after meals, disinclination for food, pain in the precordial region, etc. It promotes the appetite and acts as a tonic.

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⁵ खण्डामलकी । स्विन्नपीडितकुष्माण्डुलाडं भृष्टमाज्यतः । प्रस्थाद्धे खण्डतुल्यन्त पचेदामलकीरसात् । प्रस्थेसुखिनकुष्माण्डरसप्रस्थे विघटयन् ।

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*Dhátri lauha.*¹ Take of powdered emblic myrobalan, sixty-four tolás, prepared iron thirty-two tolás, liquorice powder sixteen tolás, mix them together and soak in the juice of gulancha for seven times successively. This preparation is given in doses of twenty to forty grains in anæmia, jaundice and dyspepsia.

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¹ धात्रीलौहम् । धात्रीचूर्णाष्ट पलानि चत्वारिलोहचूर्णस्य । यष्टीमधुकरजश्च द्विपलं दद्यादपले घष्टम् । अमृताकाथेनैतच्चूर्णं भाव्यञ्च सप्तहम् । चण्डातपेषु शुष्कं भूयः पिष्ट्वा नवे घटे स्थाप्यम् । घृतमधुसहयुक्तं भुक्तादौमध्यतोऽन्तेच । त्रीनपिवारान् खादेत्पथ्यं दोषानुबन्धेन । भक्तादौ नाशयति व्याधीन् पित्तानिजोद्भवान् । मध्येऽन्नविष्टम्भं जयति नृणां विदह्यते नान्नम् । पानान्नकृतान् दोषान् भुक्त्यन्ते श्लैष्मिकं जयति । एवं जीर्यतिचान्ने शूलं नृणां सुकष्टमपि ।। चक्रदत्तः ।

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द्रव्यापाकं गते तस्मिंश्चूर्णत्व विनिक्षिपेत् । द्वे द्वे पले कणाजाजीशुण्ठीनां मरिचस्य च । पलं तालीश धन्याक चातुर्जातक सुस्तकम् । कर्षप्रमाणं प्रत्येकं प्रस्थाद्धं माक्षिकस्य च । पक्तिशूलं निहन्येतह्योषल्यभवञ्च यत् । कण्ठाम्लपित्तमूर्च्छाश्च श्वासकासावरोचकम् । हृच्छूलं रक्तपित्तञ्च पृष्ठशूलञ्च नाशयेत् । रसायनमिदं श्रेष्ठं खण्डामलकसंज्ञितम् । चक्रदत्तः ।

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*Dhátri arishṭa*¹ or fermented liquor of emblic myrobalan. Take the fresh juice of two thousand emblic myrobalans, honey in quantity equal to one-eighth of the juice, powdered long pepper sixteen tolás, sugar six seers and a quarter; mix them together, boil for a while and leave the mixture to ferment in an earthen jar. This liquor is used in jaundice, dyspepsia, indigestion, cough, etc.

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¹ धात्ररिष्टः । धात्रीफलसहस्रे द्वे षोडयितारसं भिषक् । चौद्राष्ट- भागं पिप्पल्याश्चूर्णार्द्धकुडबान्वितम् । शर्कराद्धतलोन्मिश्रं पक्वा स्निग्ध- घटे स्थितम् । प्रपिवेतार्द्ध रोगात्ती जीर्णे हितमिताशनः । कामलापाण्डु हृद्रोगवातसृक्विषमज्वरान् । कासहिध्दारुचिश्वासनेषोरिष्टः प्रशामयेत् । चक्रदत्तः ।

Croton Tiglium, Linn.

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*Sans.* जयपाल, *Jayapála*. कनकफल, *Kanakaphala* *Vern.* Jaypál, *Beng.* Jamálgotá, *Hind.*

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The seeds of *Croton Tiglium* are considered heating, drastic, and useful in fever, constipation, intestinal worms, enlargements of the abdominal viscera, ascites, anasarca, etc. They are boiled in milk and their outer skin and embryo are removed before being used internally. Croton oil is not mentioned by any Sanskrit writer and was unknown to the ancient Hindus. Croton seeds enter into the composition of a great many medicines for the diseases mentioned above. The following are a few illustrations.

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*Ichchhávedivaṭiká*.² Take of mercury, sulphur, borax and black pepper, one part each, ginger three parts, croton seeds nine parts; rub them together with water and make into two-grain pills. These are given in fever with constipation as also in ascites and anasarca.

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² इच्छाभेदोरसः । शुद्धं पारदटङ्कणं समरिचं तुल्यांशमन्धा तथा विश्वाच्च त्रिगुणा ततो नवगुणं जैपालचूर्ण क्षिपेत् । गुञ्जैकमितो रसो हिमजलैः संसेविते रेचयेदावन्नोष्णजलं पिबेदपिनरः पथ्यञ्चदध्यौदनं । रसेन्द्रसारसंग्रहः

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*Rukkesa rasa*.³ Take of chebulic myrobalan five parts, croton seeds one part, soak them in the milky juice of *Euphorbia neriifolia* (*snuhi*), and make into four-grain pills. These are given with a decoction of the root of *Ipomœa Turpethum* (*trivrit*), or *Baliospermum montanum* (*danti*), as a drastic purgative in obstinate constipation.

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³ रुक्गेोरसः । अभयाचूर्णमादाय नूतनैर्जयपालजैः । पञ्चमांसेन मिलितैः सुहृद्घृतविपाचितम् । गुडिकास्तस्य कर्त्तव्या बत्तूलासणकप्रभाः । विष्ट- म्भेगुडिकादेया चोदरदारुणान्तके ।। रसेन्द्रसारसंग्रहः ।

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*Mahánárácha rasa*.¹ Take chebulic myrobalan, pulp of *Cassia Fistula*, emblic myrobalan, root of *Baliospermum montanum* (*danti*), *Picrorrhiza Kurroa* (*tiktá*), milky juice of *Euphorbia neriifolia* (*snuhi*), root of *Ipomœa Turpethum* (*trivrit*) and the tubers of *Cyperus rotundus* (*mustaka*), each one tolá; pound them to a coarse powder and boil in four seers of water till the latter is reduced to one-eighth. Then take a tola of husked croton seeds, tie them in a piece of thin cloth and boil them in the above mentioned decoction till the latter is reduced to the consistence of a fluid extract. To this extract add a powder composed of eight parts of purified croton seeds, three parts of ginger and two of black pepper, mercury and sulphur, in quantity sufficient to make a pill-mass; rub them together for twelve hours, and make into two-grain pills. These are given with cold water in tympanitis, colic, ascites, etc., as a drastic purgative. After the operation of this medicine, rice should be given with curdled milk and sugar.

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¹ मह्नानाराच रसः। अभयारग्वध धात्री दन्ती तिक्ता स्नुही त्रिवृत मुस्ता-प्रत्येकमेतानि पलमात्रया। तानि सङ्कुच्य सर्वाणि जलाढकयुगे पचेत्। तत्र तोयेऽष्टमं भागं कषायमवशेषयेत्। निस्वकजैपालबीजानि नवानि पलमात्रया। तनुवस्त्रधृतायेव तस्मिन् काये शनैः पचेत्। ज्वालयेदनलं मन्दं यावत् काथो घनो भवेत्। ततः खल्ले क्षिपेद्भागानष्टौ जैपालबीजतः। भागान् त्रीन् नागरात् द्वौ च মরিचाद्द्वौ च पारदात्। गन्धकाद्द्वौ च तानीह यावद्यामं

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BALIOSPERMUM MONTANUM, *Mull.* *Sans.* दन्ती, *Danti*. *Vern.* *Danti*, *Hind.* *Beng.*

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THE seeds of *Baliospermum montanum* are described as drastic. Like croton seeds they are boiled in milk before use. The root of the plant is considered cathartic. Both are much used in diseases where purgatives are indicated. The following are a few examples of prescriptions containing these medicines.

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1 मह्नानाराच रसः। अभयारग्वध धात्री दन्ती तिक्ता स्नुही त्रिवृत मुस्ता-प्रत्येकमेतानि पलमात्रया। तानि सङ्कुच्य सर्वाणि जलाढकयुगे पचेत्। तत्र तोयेऽष्टमं भागं कषायमवशेषयेत्। निस्वकजैपालबीजानि नवानि पलमात्रया। तनुवस्त्रधृतायेव तस्मिन् काये शनैः पचेत्। ज्वालयेदनलं मन्दं यावत् काथो घनो भवेत्। ततः खल्ले क्षिपेद्भागानष्टौ जैपालबीजतः। भागान् त्रीन् नागरात् द्वौ च মরিचाद्द्वौ च पारदात्। गन्धकाद्द्वौ च तानीह यावद्यामं

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*Nárácha rasa.*¹ Take of mercury, borax and black pepper, one part each, sulphur, ginger and long pepper two parts each, seeds of Baliospermum montanum nine parts ; powder the ingredients and make into two-grain pills with water. These are given in constipation and tympanites.

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¹ नाराचरसः । सूतएतङ्कणतुल्यं मरिचं समतुल्यकम् । गन्धकं पिप्पली शुण्ठी द्वौ द्वौ भागौ विचूर्णयेत् । सर्वतुल्यं क्षिपेद्दन्ती बीजन्तुषितमभवेत् । गुञ्जाकं रेचनं सिद्धनाराचोयं महारसः । आध्मानमलविष्टम्भमुदावर्त्तञ्च नाशयेत् ।

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*Danti haritaki.*² Take twenty-five large chebulic myrobalans and enclose them in a piece of cloth ; then take of the roots of Baliospermum montanum and Ipomœa Turpethum (*trivrit*), each two hundred tolás, water sixty-four seers, boil them together till the water is reduced to eight seers. Strain the decoction, take out the chebulic myrobalans and fry them in thirty-two tolas of sesamum oil. To the strained decoction add two hundred tolás of old treacle; then boil till reduced to the proper consistence for a confection. Now add to the mass the following substances, namely powdered root of Ipomœa Turpethum (*trivrit*) thirty-two tolás, long pepper and ginger, each eight tolás, and stir them well ; when cool add thirty-two tolás of honey, cinnamon, cardamom, leaves called *tejapatra*, and the flowers of Mesua ferrea (*nágakesara*) each

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² दन्तीहरीतकी । जलद्रोणे विपक्तव्या विंशतिः पञ्च चाभयाः । दन्त्याः पलानि तावन्ति चित्रकस्य तथैव च । तेनाष्टभागशेषेण पचेहनीसं गुडम् । ताश्चाभया त्रिवृच्चूर्णात्तैलाच्चापि चतुःपलम् । पलमेकं कणाशुण्ठ्योः सिद्धे लेहे च शीतले । क्षौद्रं तैलसमं दद्यात्तुर्जातपलन्तथा । ततो लेहपलं लीढ्वा जग्धाचैकां हरीतकीम् । सुखं विरिच्यते स्निग्धो दोषप्रस्थमनामयः । प्लीहञ्च यथुगुल्माख्यौ हृत्पाण्डुग्रहणीगदाः । शाम्यन्तप्रतक्लेशविषमज्वरकुष्ठान्यरो-

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विमर्द्धयेत् । रसो नाराचनामायं भक्षितो रसिकामितः । जलेन शीतलेनैव रोगनेतान् विनाशयेत् । आध्मानं शूलमानाहं प्रत्याध्मानं तथैव च । उदावर्त्तं तथा गुल्ममुदरानि हरत्यसौ । वेगेऽन्ते तु भुञ्जीत शर्करासहितं दधि । ततस्तत् सैन्धवेनापि ततो दध्योदनं सनाक् ।
भावप्रकाशः ।

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शार्ङ्गधरः :

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चकाः ।

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eight tolás, and prepare a confection. The chebulic myrobalans should be kept imbedded in the medicine. Two tolás of the confection and one of the chebulic myrobalans are to be taken every morning.

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Guḍáshṭaka.¹ Take of danti, trivrit and plumbago roots, black pepper, long pepper, ginger and long pepper root, equal parts in fine powder; treacle, equal in weight to all the other ingredients and mix. Dose, about a tola every morning in flatulence and retained secretions, anasarca, jaundice, etc.

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¹ गुडाष्टकम् । व्योषं दन्ती त्रिवृच्चित्रं कृष्णामूलं विचूर्णितम् । तच्चूर्ण गुडसम्मिश्रं भक्षयेत् प्रातरुत्थितः । एतद्गुडाष्टकं नाम बलवर्णाग्निवर्द्धनम् । शोथोदावर्त्त शूलघ्नं प्लीहपाण्ड्वामयापहम् । सर्व्वचूर्णसमोगुडो देयः । भावप्रकाशः ।

Ricinis Communis, Linn.

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Sans. एरण्ड, Eraṇḍa. रुवुक, Ruvuka.

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Vern. Bherenḍá, Beng. Erenḍ. Hind.

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THE root of Ricinis Communis and the oil obtained from the seeds have been used in medicine by the Hindus from a very remote period. They are mentioned by Susruta. Two varieties of the plant are described, namely red and white. Their properties are said to be identical. Castor oil is regarded as purgative and useful in costiveness, tympanitis, fever, inflammation, etc. It is much praised for its efficacy in chronic rheumatic affections in which it is used in various combinations. One of its synonyms is vátári or anti-rheumatic. The root of the plant is also said to be particularly useful in the local varieties of rheumatism such as lumbago, pleurodynia, and sciatica.

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As a purgative, castor oil is recommended to be taken with cow's urine, or an infusion of ginger or a decoction of the combination called dasamula (see Desmodium gangeticum).²

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² दशमूलीकषायेण पिबेद्वा नागराम्भसा । कटिशूलेषु सर्व्वेषु तैलमेरण्ड सम्भवम् ।

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The seeds, freed from impurities and rubbed into a paste, are boiled in milk and water, and the decoction is given in lumbago and sciatica.¹ In pleurodynia, or pain in the sides, a decoction of the root is given with the addition of *yavakshára*, (impure carbonate of potash).² The root of *Ricinis communis* enters into the composition of various compound prescriptions for rheumatic affections and diseases of the nervous system.

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¹ विशोध्यैरण्डबीजानि पिष्ट्वा क्षीरे विपाचयेत् । तत्पायसं कटीशूले गृध्रस्यां परमौषधम् । भावप्रकाशः ।

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² एरण्डमूलं द्विपलं जलेऽष्टगुणे पचेत् । तत् काथो यावन्मूकाद्यः पार्श्वहृच्छकफमूलहा । शार्ङ्गधरः ।

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In affections of the eyes, castor oil leaves and root are used in a variety of forms and several prescriptions containing them are given by most writers. A decoction of the bark, leaves and root of the plant, in goat's milk and water is recommended for use as a wash in recent ophthalmia.³

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³ एरण्डपत्रजे मूले त्वचिचाजं पयःसृतम् । कष्टकायांश्च शूलेषु सुखोष्णं सेचने हितम् । चक्रदत्तः ।

Mallotus Philippensis, Mull.

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*Syn. Rottlera tinctoria, Roxb.* *Sans.* कम्पिल्ल, *Kampilla*, रेचनक, *Rechanaka*. *Vern.* Kamilá, *Beng.* Kambilá, Kamalá, *Hind.*

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ROXBURGH and Brandis give *Punnága* as the Sanskrit for this plant. As far as my information goes, *Punnága* is the Sanskrit for *Calophyllum inophyllum*, a large tree of the Coromandel Coast with beautiful white fragrant flowers and numerous stamens arranged in rows. *Kampilla* is the red mealy powder covering the capsules of *Mallotus Philippensis*. It is described as cathartic and anthelmintic and is chiefly used to expel intestinal worms. *Kampilla* powder given in doses of one *tolá* with treacle, is said to kill and expel all intestinal worms.⁴ It enters into the composition of numerous compound prescriptions for worms. The following is an illustration. Take of kampilla, báberang seeds, chebulic myrobalan yavakshára (impure carbonate of potash), and rock salt, equal parts; powder and mix. Dose, about a drachm, with butter-milk.¹

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⁴ कम्पिल्लचूर्णकर्षार्द्धं गुडेन सहभक्षितम् । पातयेत् क्रिमीन् सर्व्वानुदरस्थांश्च । भावप्रकाशः ।

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¹ विड़ङ्गसैन्धवकाम्पिल्लहरीतकीः । पिबेत्तक्रण संपिष्टाः सर्व्व- क्रिमिनिवृत्तये । चक्रदत्तः ।

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EUPHORBIA NERIifolia, Linn. Syn. *Euphorbia ligularia*, Roxb. Sans. स्नुहि, *Snuhi*, वज्री, *Vajri*, सेहुण्ड, *Sehuṇḍa*. Vern. *Mansásij*, Beng. *Sehund*, *Thohar*, Hind.

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THIS prickly shrub is sacred to Mansá the goddess of serpents. On the fifth day after full moon of the month of Sravana (July, August) it is planted in the court-yard of Hindu houses and worshipped as the representative of Mansá the goddess of serpents. *Euphorbia antiquorum*, called tekátá sij in Bengali on account of its triangular stem, is probably alluded to by some Sanskrit writers under the name of vajri, which is explained as a variety of snuhi. This plant is supposed to ward off lightening strokes and is generally kept in tubs or pots on the roofs or other exposed parts of native houses. Its popular medicinal uses are like those of *Euphorbia neriifolia*.

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The milky juice of *Euphorbia neriifolia* is considered purgative and rubefacient. As a purgative it is generally used in combination with other medicines which are steeped in it. Chebulic myrobalan, long pepper, trivrit root, etc., are thus treated and administered as drastic purgatives, in ascites, anasarca and tympanitis.² It enters into the composition of several compound prescriptions of a drastic character as for example, the *Mahánárácha rasa* described under *Croton Tiglium*, and *Vindu ghrita* a preparation with clarified butter, of similar composition.

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² त्रिवृद्धरीतकी श्यामाः स्नुहीक्षीरेण भावयेत् । वटिकास्तूलपीतास्ताः श्लेष्मानाहभेदिकाः । चक्रदत्तः ।

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Turmeric powder mixed with the milky juice of *Euphorbia* neriifolia is recommended to be applied to piles.¹ Thread steeped in the above mentioned mixture is used in ligaturing external hæmorrhoids.² The powdered wood of *Berberis Asiatica* (*dáruharidrá*) is steeped in the milky juice of *snuhi* and of *Calotropis gigantea* (*arka*), and made into tents for introduction into the tracks of fistula in ano and other sinuses.³

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¹ स्नुहिक्षीरं रजनीयुक्तं लेपाद्दुर्नामनाशनम् । चक्रदत्तः ।

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² भावितं रजनीचूर्णैः स्नुहीक्षीरे पुनः पुनः । बन्धनात् सुदृढं सूत्रं भिनत्त्यसौ भगन्दरम् । चक्रदत्तः ।

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³ स्नुह्यार्कदुग्ध दाव्वीभिर्वर्त्तिं कृत्वा विचक्षणः । भगन्दरगतिं ज्ञात्वा पुरयेत्तां प्रयत्नतः । एषा सर्वशरीरस्थां नाडीं हन्यादसंशयः । चक्रदत्तः ।

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