Promotion of Learning in India during Muhammadan Rule (by Muhammadans) c22: Index I.—Subjects

Promotion of Learning in India during Muhammadan Rule (by Muhammadans) c22

Language: English

Index I.—Subjects

c22.1

ABBREVIATIONS, Table of, xxxi. Accounts, 93, 161 Actors, 24 Afghāns, 125, 178 Agra: Bahlūl’s foundation, 72 Capital transferred to, by Sikandar, 73 Colleges at, in Akbar’s time, 163 Famous centre of learning under Mughals, 175 Agriculture, 161 Ahli-Daulat, Ahli-Murād, and Ahli-Sa’ādat, 129 Aḥmad Niẓām Shāh, of Aḥmadnagar: Educated in captivity, 94 Introduces single-stick, 95 Akbar the Great: Christianity taught to his son, 160 Co-education of Hindus and Muḥammadans first organized in his reign, 160, 171 Colleges of his foundation, 162-163, 171 Diary, official, 151 Educational improvements of his promotion, 160 Encouragement of mechanical arts and sciences, 164, 165 (note) Evidence as to his literacy, xix., 139-142, 207-212 Fondness for books and learning, 142-144, 151 Friendliness to Christianity, 146, 160 Given title of Mujtahid, 146 ’Ibādat Khāna and the famous assemblies therein, 144-147, 171 Illustrations of books, his fancy for, 153 Interest in Hindu literature, 147-150, 171 Jesus Christ, his reverence for, 160 (note) Liberality of his views, 146, 172

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INDEX I

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Akbar the Great—continued. Library, the royal, 151–152 Life attempted from college roof, 166–167 Music and musicians, his patronage of, 155–157, 172 Painting, encouragement of, 154–155, 172 Persian, improved method of teaching, 161 Practical jocularity, 145 Rewards and stipends to the learned, 168–169, 172 Salient features of his reign, 170–172 Science teaching, order of, in his reign, 161 Systematic protection of Hindu learning, 171 Translations made by his order, 147–150, 171 Unique position in Indian literary world, 171

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’Alāuddīn Khiljī, Sulṭān : Arrogant though uneducated, 32 Benefits to poets and historians, 36 Capricious favours to the learned, 33, 34 Confiscates endowments, etc., xlvii., 35 Generous nobles of his reign, 37, 116 Learns privately to read Persian, 33 Neglects his sons’ education, 32 Paradoxical importance of his reign in literary history, 39–40 Prominence of literature in his reign due to activities of preceding rulers, etc., xlvii., 114 Question of his literacy discussed by Mr. Beveridge, xix.–xxi.

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Allusions and references, value of, in historical research, ix. Almshouses, 28, 32, 45 Alphabet, Persian, how taught in Akbar’s time, 161 Altamash, Sulṭān, liberal patron of Muhammadan learning, xviii., 20–21 Amīrs, 176, 194 Arabic language : *Kalīlah-Damnah* translated into, 15 Knowledge of, necessary to administrators, 64 Known to learned Hindus under Fīrūz Shāh Tughlaq, 64–65 Taught at Nishāpūr, 19 Translations of Indian works into, 13

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Archæology, Fīrūz Shāh Tughlaq’s taste for, 52 Architecture, Saracenic, 95 Arithmetic, 161 Artists, encouraged by ’Adil Shāh, 92 Asoka Columns : Legendary lore of, 52 Removal of, by Fīrūz Shāh Tughlaq to his capital, 52–54, 171

c22.7

Assassinations, attempted, of Emperors, 166–167 Astrologers, 39 Astrology : Classed in Akbar’s Library with poetry, medicine, and music, 152 Indian, studied by Muhammadans, 13, 70 (note) Practical applications of, by Humāyūn, 129, 131, 142 Study of, leads to Humāyūn’s death, 133 Astronomers, 12, 81, 85, 197 Astronomy : Astronomical Tables, 125, 150, 197 Classed with Ṣūfīism and philosophy in Akbar’s Library, 152 Fīrūz Shāh Bahmanī’s fondness for, 85 Indian, studied by Muhammadans, 13 Instruments of, in Delhi Observatory, 197 Observatories, 85, 125, 196 Taught at colleges in Akbar’s time, 161 Athletes, 54 Aurangzib, Emperor : An anti-Hindu monarch, 187 Assists students according to proficiency, 188 (note) Captures Bīdar, with disastrous results to the college, 88 Despiser of the arts, 191 Despoils library at Bijāpūr, 94 Division of his time, 192 Early education, his, 190–191 Educates his daughters, 204 Fosters Muslim education and learning, 187 Founds numberless schools and colleges, 187 His grants to education, 188–189 Love of theology, 193 Meets personal expenses by his penmanship, 192–193 Orders destruction of Hindu schools and temples, 187 Orthodox and Puritanical, 191 Progressive, apart from anti-Hindu bias, 187 Provides education for the Bohras of Gujrāt, 188 Turns Dutch buildings into college for Muslims, 188 Views on the education of Princes, 192 Writer of letters, xxvii. Autobiographies, royal : Bābar’s, 122, 123, 124, 126, 147, 150, 151 Fīrūz Shāh Tughlaq’s, 50 Jahāngīr’s, 139, 151 Tīmūr’s, 67, 68

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BĀBAR, Emperor : Author, poet, and musician, 121-122 Critical knowledge of Arabic, Persian, and Turkī, 121 Dislike of Mughals, xxiv. Education, 123 Generosity to the learned, 123 Hindustan, his criticism of, xxv., 124 Illustrations in his *Memoirs*, 126 Initiator in penmanship, 123 Literary companions and parties, 123 On colleges in India, xxiv., 124 On Indian observatories and astronomical tables, 125 On the library of Ghāzī Khān, 125-126 Painting, interest in, 126 Public Works Department, postal and educational duties of, 126-127 Verse, style of, invented by him, 122 Writings on prosody, music, jurisprudence, and religion, 122

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Bahādur Shāh, Emperor : Colleges of his reign, 194-195 Diminishing glory of Muhammadan rule, 194

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Bahlūl, Sulṭān : Founder of Agra, 72 Student of Muhammadan law, 72-73

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Bahmanī Dynasty, education under, 90-91 Kingdom, 80-91

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Bairām bin Mas‘ūd, Sulṭān : His thirst for knowledge, 14 Translations to his order, 15

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Balban, Sulṭān : Advises Prince Muḥammad, 27 Entertains refugee princes, 23 Friend of literature and learning, 23 Influence of his sons, 24-26 Visits learned men at their homes, 27

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*Belles Lettres* : Encouraged by Sulṭān Sikandar, 74 Kabīruddīn, 39

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Bengal, Kingdom of : ‘Alīwardī Khān, hospitable and liberal to the learned, 112 College ruins of Yūsuf Shāh’s time, 108 Ghiyāṣuddīn, Governor, encourages art and letters, and builds a college at Lucknauti, 106 Ghiyāṣuddīn II., Sulṭān, poet, 108

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Bengal, Kingdom of—*continued.* Husain Shāh, Emperor, great patron of Bengali, and founds college in memory of Quṭbul ’Ālam, 109 Mīr Qāsim, patron of learning, 112-113 Murshid Qulī Ja’far Khān, learned, religious, and skilled with the pen, 111-112 Nāṣir Shāh orders translation of *Mahābhārata* into Bengali, 107 Rājah Kānis bestows pensions on the learned from motives partly political, 106-107 Ruins of madrasahs attributed to Ḥusain Shāh, 109-110

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Bengali language: Affinity to Sanskrit, 107 Attracts notice of Muslim rulers, 107 *Bhāgavata Purāṇa* translated into, by Mālādhar Basu, 109 *Mahābhārata* translated into, by Kirttivāsa, 108 Parāgal Khān and his son promote translation, 110-111 Patronage of, by Muslim monarchs copied by Hindu rājahs, 111 *Rāmāyaṇa* translated into, 107 Sanskrit and Persian books ditto, 111

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Bibliography, xxxvii. Bibliophiles, 176

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Bidar, Maḥmūd Gāwān’s College at: Described by Meadows Taylor, 87 Desecrated by Aurangzib, 88 Library, 89 Mosque, 88 Partially destroyed by explosion, 88 Splendid ruins, 88 (note) Various accounts of its destruction, 88 (note)

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Bijāpūr: Ancient city of Hindu learning, 91 Conquered by Muhammadans, 91 Derivation of the name, 91 Reputation maintained under Muhammadans, 92 Ruins of its Hindu college, 92

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Bijāpūr, Kingdom of: ’Ādil Shāh, skilled in music and kind to musicians, 92 Ibrāhīm ’Ādil Shāh I., placed Brāhmaṇas in charge of the public accounts, which began to be kept in Hindī instead of Persian, 93 Ibrāhīm ’Ādil Shāh II., maintained at his court the great historian, Muḥammad Qāsim, 94 Ismā’īl ’Ādil Shāh, adept in fine arts, preferring Turkish and Persian, 93

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Bijāpūr, Kingdom of—continued. Yūsuf ’Adil Shāh, married a Mahratta wife and admitted Hindus to his revenue department, 93 Biographers: ’Abdul Ḥaqq Diḥlawī, 178 Mullā ’Abdul Karīm Sindī, 87 Prince Dārā Shikūh, 186 Bohras of Gujrāt compulsorily educated under Aurangzib, 189 Book illustration: As old as the time of Bābar, 126 Bābar’s Memoirs, 126 *Jahāngīr-Nāmah*, 126, 178 Works in Akbar’s library, 153 Botany, lectures on, 84 Brāhmaṇas, 74, 75, 81, 86, 91, 93, 145, 146, 184: Acquire influence in Bijāpūr, 93 Colleges of, destroyed by Aḥmad Shāh Bahmanī, 86 Contempt of, for Bengali mitigated by example of Muslims, 111 Courage of, in controversy, 74-75 Occupations pursued by, 81 Specialize in the revenue department, 93 Take office under Muslims, 81 Buddhists, 19, 145, 172

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Caligraphists (fine penmen): Attached to Akbar’s court, 159 Employed on scientific works under Sikandar, 77 Royal, 14, 22, 44, 84, 111, 123, 192 Caligraphy (fine penmanship): Akbar’s encouragement of, 159 Bābarī hand, designed by Bābar, 123 Cultivated by Muḥammadan Emperors, 14, 158 Indian Fables in, to Akbar’s order, 142 Large sums paid for, 69 Modes of, in Akbar’s time, 158 Muḥammad Tughlaq’s mastery of, 44 Naṣīruddīn, Sulṭān, earns his food by, 22 Prices, high, for MSS., 176 *Razm-Nāmah* MS., said to have cost Akbar £40,000, 153 (note) Caprice, a Sulṭān’s, ruinous effects of, 46-47 Censors of literature, 5, 7, 48 Chahār Minār, College at Ḥaidarābād: Founded by Muḥammad Qulī Quṭb Shāh, 95 Visited and described by Thevenot, 95

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Chāghtā'ī Turkī, language, 191 Chārbāks, 145 Christianity: Abul Faẓl commanded to translate the Gospel, 146, 150 Akbar's liberal attitude to, 146 Akbar's son instructed in, 146, 160 Christians, 145, 146, 172 Classification of people, Humāyūn's, 129 Clepsydra, or water-clock, xxiii., 55 Colleges (Madrasahs), 12, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 47, 57, 58, 59, 69, 71, 74, 82, 86, 87-89, 91-92, 95-96, 97, 98, 99, 101-104, 105, 106, 108, 109, 110, 124, 133, 134, 137, 163, 165-167, 168, 175, 181, 182, 187, 188, 189, 194-195, 196, 197, 198, 199 Alleged deficiency of, in Hindustan, xxiv., 124 Day colleges in Delhi, 163 Denominational character of Fīrūz Shāh's foundation, 64 Destruction of, by Sikandar Lūdī at Jaunpūr, 101 Fīrūz-Shāhī-Madrasah, 60-63, 64 Inspection under Delhi Emperors, 103 Copper, public notices engraved on, 105-106 Copyists, Indian, 177 Court of Women in Mālwa, 201

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DANCERS, 24, 90 Dārā Shikūh, Prince: Conversion to Ṣūfīism, 185 Learning, 184 Reverence for the Vedas, 184 Translations from Sanskrit, 185 Writings, 186 Darwishes, 179 Deccanese, 83, 93 Delhi: Asylum and resort of learned men, 20, 23, 27 Attacked by heretics, 22 Capital of Muhammadan India, 116 Compared with Bukhārā, 28 Rich in literary societies, 24 Ruined by Sulṭān's whim, 46, 47 Sacks of, 67, 197 Discussions in Akbar's famous 'Ibādat Khāna, 144-147 Divinity, 162 Dutch buildings confiscated by Aurangzib, 188

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EATING, court etiquette of, under Sikandar, 76-77 Economics, 161 Education, compulsory, 189 Education, Hindu : Independence of, under first Muhammadan rulers, xlv. Loses State patronage after Muhammadan invasions, xlv. Not encouraged under Maḥmūd, 3 Not practicable at Muslim colleges, 64 Progress of, checked by profligate Sulṭān's example, 28-29 State patronage of, restored by Akbar, 160, 171 Technical improvements under Akbar, 161 With Muhammadans, 160 Education, Indian, state of, under Shāh Jahān, 180-181 Education of Princes, 190-192 Princesses, 201-205 Education of Women : Details of school customs proving prevalence of education of young girls, 200 Examples of educated Muslim Princesses show female education under Muhammadans to be less neglected than is generally supposed, 205 Female school in Akbar's palace, 202-203 Instances of educated ladies in Mughal times, 201-205 Pardah system an obstacle, 200 Schoolmistresses appointed for the harem by Sulṭān Ghiyā-ṣuddīn of Mālwa, 97, 201 Education, technical : Diffused by apprenticeship, 117 In arts and crafts, Fīrūz Shāh Tughlaq's provision of, for slaves, 55, 117 In government, Fīrūz Shāh Tughlaq's training, 50 Muhammad Ghūrī's slave *protégés*, 18 Emperor as literary barometer, xlv. Endowments of learning : Academies, by Tīmūr, 69 Aurangzib's assistance to Akramuddin Khān Ṣadr, 188 College of Ghāzīuddīn, 194-195 Quṭbul 'Ālam, by Ḥusain Shāh, 109 Colleges, etc., by Fīrūz Shāh Tughlaq, 56, 57, 58, 63 Confiscated by 'Alāuddīn Khilji, restored by his successor, 35, 41 Ghazni University, by Maḥmūd, 5 Influenced by royal example, xlv. Madrasahs, by Ḥusain Khān, Walī of Kashmīr, 106

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Endowments of learning—*continued*. Schools and colleges, by Mas'ūd, 12 for orphans, by Maḥmūd Shāh Bahmanī, 83 Enigmatists, 123, 127, 134 Epitaph of Jahānārā Begam, 203 Example, bad, in high places, effects of, xlvii., 28-29, 90 Extempore verse-making, 7, 8, 84, 108, 123, 138

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FENCING: Introduced by Aḥmad Niẓām Shāh, 95 Schools for, founded in Aḥmadnagar, 95 Fiction: Indian Fables of Mīr Hamzah, Akbar's fancy for, 142 Indian, translated into Arabic and Persian, 13 Muḥammad Tughlaq's indifference to, 45 Firdausī: Approves himself a poet, 8 Completes *Shāh-Nāmah*, 8, 9 Is meanly paid by Maḥmūd, xvi., xvii., 9 Lampoons the Sulṭān, xvi., 9 Reparation made too late, 10 Fīrūz Shāh Bahmanī: Accomplished in languages and science, 84 Astronomy, his love of, 85 His harem of many nations, 84 Observatory, builds an, 85 Poetical and literary pursuits, 84-85 Sees through a pretender to learning, 85 Sends ships abroad for learned men, 85, 115 Fīrūz-Shāhī-Madrasah: Described by Barnī, 60-63 Exclusively for Muḥammadans, 64 Question of identity with college on side of Ḥauẓ Khāṣ, 60-61 (note) Fīrūz Shāh Tughlaq, Sulṭān: Administrator, a good, 49 Archæology, first Sulṭān to show taste for, 52 Art, liking for, 54, 55 Autobiography, 50 Builds a palace for scholars and noblemen, 51 Builds himself a capital, 49 Colleges of his foundation, 57, 59, 60-64 Digs canals, xxiii., 57 Diversions, 54 Educational zeal, 51, 56, 117

c22.29

Fīrūz Shāh Tughlaq, Sulṭān—continued. Education and training in Government, 50 Fīrūz-Shāhī-Madrasah, 60–63 Founder of Jaunpūr, xxiii., 100–101 Hindu monuments, care for, 52–54, 58 History, fondness for, 51 Orders translation of Hindu books into Persian, 64–65 Parentage, xxii. Provides for poor scholars, 66 Public works, maintenance of, 56 of his reign, 56–57 Religious ardour, 54 character of his colleges, 64 Science, interest in, 55 Slaves, fancy for, 54–55, 117 Translations from Sanskrit into Persian in his reign, 70 (note) Fīrūzābād : A famous city of learning, 49 Eclipses Delhi, to be itself eclipsed, 116

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GAZETTE, publication of, an affair of State, 127 Geomancy, 161 Geometry : Lectures on, before Fīrūz Shāh Bahmanī, 84 Order in which studied at colleges, 161 Ghaznī, city of : Becomes famous for learning, 6 Devastated by 'Alāuddīn Ghūrī, 17 Maḥmūd's love for, xv. University at, founded by Maḥmūd, 5 Globes, terrestrial and celestial, ordered by Humāyūn, 127 Golden arrows of rank, Humāyūn's, 130–131 Government : Brāhmaṇas first take part in, under Muhammadans, 81 Fīrūz Shāh Tughlaq's early training in, 50 Hindus admitted to, under Fīrūz Shāh Tughlaq, 64 Muḥammad Ghūrī's slave protégés trained in, 18 Order of, among sciences taught in Akbar's time, 162 Grammar (Naḥw), 38 Grammarians, 38 Grants to students according to proficiency, an idea of Aurangzib, 187, 188 (note)

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Gulkandah, Kingdom of: Qutb Shāh, founder of the splendid Chahār Minār and other colleges and schools, 95-96, 115

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HADĪṢ, 191, 193 Ḥāfiẓ: Attempts visit to Maḥmūd Shāh Bahmanī, 82-83 Caps verse of Ghiyāṣuddin II. of Bengal, 108 Tīmūr’s respect for, 69 Handwriting: Importance of, before invention of printing, 159 Styles of, and their inventors, 158-159 Harem of many nations, Fīrūz Shāh Bahmanī’s, 84 Hebrew supposed to be known to Fīrūz Shāh Bahmanī, 84 (note) Hindi language: Bābar’s scholarship in, 121 Bairām Khān’s knowledge of, 169 Cherished by Hindus, 76 (note) Prince Dārā’s rings, 185 Supersedes Persian in Bījāpūr for public accounts, 93 Translations into, by Akbar’s order, 147 Hindus, 3, 40, 64, 65, 74, 75, 76, 86, 93, 94, 112, 113, 125, 147, 157, 171, 172, 184, 185 Admitted to revenue department of Bījāpūr by Yūsuf ’Ādil Shāh, 93 Appointed to Government offices by Fīrūz Shāh Tughlaq, 64 Co-educated with Muhammadans, 160 Intermix with Muhammadans, 40 Reach Muhammadan standard in Persian learning, 76 (note) Study Persian in reign of Sikandar, 75, 76 Hindustān, Bābar’s criticism of, xxv., 124 Hindustani language (Urdu): Elements of, 76 (note) Origin of, in Sikandar’s reign, 75-76 Historians, 36, 38, 39, 51, 81, 94, 132, 151, 178, 183 Historical works, Muhammadan: Allusions in, perhaps more reliable than direct accounts, ix. How used and compared, viii. Mix facts with fiction, viii. History (Badī’ and Bayān): Fondness of Sulṭāns for, 44, 51, 97, 132, 137, 143, 144 Last of the sciences to be studied at colleges, 162

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Humāyūn, Emperor: Astrological interests, 129, 131, 133, 142 Astronomy and geography, love of, 127 Books, fondness for, 132 Ceremony of *Maktab* in childhood, 128 Classifies his subjects, 128 Days allotted for reception of each class, 129 Distinguishes rank by golden arrows, 130 Halls of the Seven Planets, 131 Madrasah built by him at Delhi, 133 Meets death through a fall, 133 Tomb used as a college, 134

c22.34

’Ibādat Khāna, 144–147, 171 Ibrāhīm, Sulṭān: Religious in disposition, 14 Skilled in penmanship, 14 Illiteracy not necessarily a disadvantage to rulers, xx. Ink, made in Kashmīr, 190 (note) Intestacy, Jahāngīr’s law of, 174–175

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Jāgīrs, 102, 103, 104, 188 Jahāngīr, Emperor: Education of, 173 Illustration of his *Jahāngīr-Nāmah*, 177, 178 Intestacy, his law of, 174 Love of books, 175–176 Memoirs, 174 Nūr Jahān, his learned wife and representative, 202 Patronage of painters, 176 Recreations with learned men, 179 Restorer of ruined colleges, 175 Well versed in Turkish, 174 Jains, 145, 172 Jai Singh, Sewai, Rājā of Amber: Builder of observatories, 196 His equatorial dial at Delhi, 197 Superintends preparation of astronomical table called Muḥammad Shāhī, 197 Jami’ Masjids, 22, 52, 58, 62, 68, 87 (note), 95, 101, 104, 166–167, 181, 189 Jāṭs, 196 Jaunpūr, Kingdom of: Ḥusain Sharqī, Sulṭān, inventor of Khiyāl, 157–158

c22.36

Jaunpūr, Kingdom of—continued. Ibrāhīm Sharqī, Sulṭān, patron of learning and letters, 99, 100 Wife of Maḥmūd Shāh builds and endows a college, 101 Jaunpūr, University City of : Called the Shīrāz of India, 104 Conquered and crushed by Sikandar Lūdī, 101 Famous centre of learning under Ibrāhīm Sharqī, 99, 100 Founded (1371) by Fīrūz Shāh Tughlaq, 100-101 Government inspection of and grants to colleges, 103 inspector confiscates stipends and jāgīrs, 103 Origin of name, xxiii.-xxiv. Students' expenses met by letting apartments, 102 Visited by Duncan and Sir Eyre Coote, 104 Jesuit Fathers, 160 Jews, 145 Jogīs, 184 Jurisprudence (Fiqh), 38, 62, 122, 193 : Treatise on, by Emperor Bābar, 122 Jurists, 36, 38, 65, 193

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KAIQUBĀD, Sulṭān, deplorable effect of his example, 28-29 *Kalīlah-Damnah*: A book of Indian tales, 15 Translated into Pahlawī, Arabic, and Persian, 15 Kashmīr, Kingdom of: Ḥusain Khān, builder and endower of colleges, 106 Zainul 'Ābidin, patron of letters and the arts, 105 Kathakas, 39 Khāndish, Kings of, 98-99, 115 Khusrau, Amīr: 'Ārizi-Mamālik under Sulṭān Kaiqubād, 31 Honoured by Sulṭān Jalāluddīn, 31 Imperial librarian at Delhi, 31 Keeper of the Qur'ān, 31 Pensioned by 'Alāuddīn Khiljī, 36 Praises Delhi in verse, 28 President of the Prince's literary society, 24, 26 Taken prisoner in battle, 26 Tutor of Prince Muḥammad, 24, 25

c22.38

LANGUAGES: Question of provision for their teaching at early colleges, 65 Scope and use of, among Muslims and Hindus, 76 (note) Various, spoken in the harem of Fīrūz Shāh Bahmanī, 84

c22.39

Law: Abū Ḥanīfah, school of, 44 Code engraved on copper plates, 105-106 framed by Sulṭān Ghiyāṣuddīn Tughlaq, 42 Studied by Sulṭān Bahlūl, 72-73 Sulṭān Muḥammad Tughlaq’s interest in, 44, 48 Value of the study to a monarch, 73

c22.40

Lawyers, 48, 145

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Learning, Hindu: Disendowed and persecuted by Muhammadans, xlv. Maintained by its own votaries under first Muslim rulers, xlv. Prince Dārā Shikūh’s interest in, 184-186 Studied by Muhammadan scholars, 13, 64-65

c22.42

Learning, Muhammadan, in India: Centres of, not inferior to those outside India, 116 Credit due to efforts to promote, viii. Decadence following ’Alāuddīn Khilji’s reign, 43 Efforts to promote, this book a history of, viii. Inferior in type to that of older Muslim centres, vii. Not hitherto treated systematically, ix. Paradoxical progress of, under a hater of learning, 39-40 Promotion of, more abidingly valuable than political conquest, vii. Quality of, not the subject of this book, vii.

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Librarians, 31, 132, 151 (note), 175

c22.44

Libraries, classification in, 151-152

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Libraries, Hindu: Nagarkoṭ Temple, 64 Old Hindu, looted by Muhammadans, xlv.

c22.46

Libraries, Muhammadan, 14, 20, 31, 37, 69, 87, 89, 90, 94, 96, 112, 124, 125, 126, 151, 152, 153, 170, 198, 199, 201-202: Akbar’s, 151, 152 Ghāzī Khān’s, criticized by Bābar, 125-126 Imperial, at Delhi, 152 (note), 198-199

c22.47

Life in a Muhammadan University, 102-103

c22.48

Literary parties of the Sulṭāns, 30, 31, 123 production, sumptuous, 69 societies in Delhi, 24

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Literature, Arabic, enriched by Sanskrit and Greek studies, 13 Greek, studied by Muhammadans, 13

c22.50

Literature, Hindu (Sanskrit): Independence of, under first Muhammadan rulers, xlv.

c22.51

Literature, Hindu (Sanskrit)—continued. Translated into Arabic and Persian under Maḥmūd and Mas‘ūd, 13 Persian under Akbar, 147-150 Fīrūz Shāh Tughlaq, 65, 70 (note) Translations from, by Prince Dārā Shikūh, 185 Literature, Persian : Enriched by Sanskrit and Greek studies, 13 Kalīlah-Damnah translated into, 15 Naṣīruddīn, Sulṭān, a patron of, 23 Studied by Hindus under Sikandar, 75-76 Logic (Uṣūli-Fiqh), 38, 44, 84, 162 Lectures on, before Fīrūz Shāh Bahmanī, 84 Muḥammad Tughlaq’s mastery of, 44 Order of its study at colleges, 162 Longimetry, 161

c22.52

MADRASAHS. See Colleges Magicians, 90 Maḥmūd, Sulṭān : Alberuni, relations with, xvii., 13 Curiously rewards ’Unṣurī, 7 Cuts off a woman’s hair, 7 Founds University of Ghaznī, 5 Iconoclast and bigot, xiv., 3 Illiberal treatment of Firdausī, xiv., xvi., 9 Munificence, 4 Pacified by a poem, 11 Patronage of learned men, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 11 Ravages of, in India, 3 Traditions maintained by his son, 12 Ugliness, 4 Zeal for education bequeathed to successors, 11 Maḥmūd Gāwān, patron of letters : A learned and famous minister to Muḥammad Shāh Bahmanī II., 86 Beneficence to literature and learning, 87 Builds a magnificent college at Bīdar, 87 His riches and self-sacrifice, 89 Literary work and poems, 87 Remains of his public works, 87 Victim of ungrateful master, xxiv. Maḥmūd Shāh Bahmanī : Accomplished and a poet, 82

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Maḥmūd Shāh Bahmanī—continued. Founds a college and schools for orphans, 82, 83 Generosity to poets, 82, 83 Renown as a patron of learning, 82 Styled Aristotle for his wisdom, 83 Maktab ceremony, the, 128, 141 Mālwa, city of, a great literary resort, 97 Mālwa, Kingdom of : Bāz Bahādur, Sulṭān, loses his throne through over-devotion to music, 98 Ghiyāṣuddīn, Sulṭān (1469-1500), appoints schoolmistresses to instruct the ladies of his harem, 97, 201 Maḥmūd Khiljī, Sulṭān, great promoter of learning, founder of colleges and lover of history, 96-97 Mathematics : Abstract, order in which studied at colleges, 162 Indian, studied by Muhammadans, 13 Text-books in, 81 (note) Maulā, Sayyid : Assassinated for treason, 32 Founds academy and almshouse at Delhi, 28, 32 Visited by Sulṭān’s son, 32 Mechanical art : Akbar’s encouragement of, 164 Automatic slot machine of Sayyid Ḥusain Shīrāzī, 165 (note) Removal of massive monuments by Fīrūz Shāh Tughlaq, 52-53 Water-clock, xxiii., 55 Medicine : Indian, studied by Muhammadans, 13, 77 Indian work on, translated into Persian, 77 Muḥammad Tughlaq, Sulṭān, skilled in, 44 Meeting-rooms attached to tombs, 58 (note) Memory, retentive, of Sulṭān Muḥammad Tughlaq, 44 Minstrels, 39 Mongols, 176 Monuments, Hindu, Sulṭān Fīrūz Shāh Tughlaq’s respect for, 52 Morality, first science to be studied at Muslim colleges, 161 Muḥammad Ghūrī, Sulṭān : Combines literary education with training in Government, 18 Educates Turkish slaves, 18 Famous in warfare, 17 Founds college at Ajmere, 18

c22.54

Muḥammad, Prince, son of Sulṭān Balban : Founder of literary societies, 24 Literary tastes, 24-25 Offers to learned men, 26 Patron of poets, 25 Premature death in war, 26

c22.55

Muḥammad Shāh, Emperor : Friend to astronomy, 196-197 Imperial Library pillaged by Nādir Shāh, 198 Sack of Delhi ordered by Nādir Shāh from a college, 197-198

c22.56

Muḥammad Shāh Bahmanī II. : Education and learning, 86 Maḥmūd Gāwān, his famous minister, 86-89

c22.57

Muḥammad Tughlaq, Sulṭān : Accomplished and erudite, 43, 44 Irascible and cruel, xxii., 45 Literary splendour of his court, 48 Munificent at first to scholars, 45, 48 Whimsical, 43, 45, 46

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Muhammadan invasions of India : Mark beginning of momentous changes, xlv. Transfer State patronage from non-Islāmic to Islāmic learning, xlv.

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Muhammadans (Muslims, Musalmāns), 36, 40, 64, 65, 76, 94, 106, 107, 113, 126, 157, 168, 171, 172, 205 Co-education of, with Hindus, 160 Intermix with Hindus, 40 Learn Hindu languages, 64

c22.60

Multān, Kingdom of : Husain Langā, learned king and builder of colleges, 105 Multān compared with Gujrāt, 105

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Music : Akbar's encouragement of, 155, 157 Cultivation of, under Akbar, 158 Dhrupad, 158 Hindu and Muhammadan, intermixture of, 157 Khiyāl, 157 Royal proficiency in, 92, 93, 98, 122, 183 Splendour of, in Akbar's time, 157 Studied privately, 117 Treatise on, by Emperor Bābar, 122 Treatises on, written in Kashmīr, 105

c22.62

Musical instruments and famous players, 156-157 Musicians, 24, 39, 54, 92, 93, 98, 156-157, 183 Royal patronage of, 92, 155-157, 183

c22.63

Musicians and singers classed as "People of Pleasure" (Ahli Murād), 129 Muṭaṣaddīs (Scribes), 174 Muẓaffar Shāh II., of Gujrāt, a royal Mæcenas, 106

c22.64

NAṢĪRUDDĪN, Sulṭān : Expert penman, 22 Patron of Persian literature, 23 Student and hermit, 22 Nūr Jahān, wife of Jahāngīr, a learned woman and a capable administratrix, 202

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OBSERVATORIES, 15, 125, 196-197 Orphans, institutions for, 45, 82, 83

c22.66

PAINTERS : Eminent, at Akbar's court, 154 Patronage of, by Sulṭāns, 92, 154, 176, 183 Painting : 'Ādil Shāh's skill in, 93 Akbar's encouragement of, 153-155 Animal, 126, 178 Excellence of, in Jahāngīr's time, 177 Painting gallery, Akbar's, 154 Persian, influence on Indian painting, 126 Portraits of Akbar's court officials, 155 tabooed by Fīrūz Shāh Tughlaq, 54 Studied privately, 117 Styles of, under the Mughal Dynasty, 183 Paper : Chinese inferior to European, 96 Manufactured at Siyālkūṭ, 190 Paṭhān Dynasty : Tribute to its services to learning, 114-115 Triumphant in peace as well as war, 114 Pens, reed, used at Muslim schools, 96 Persian language : Difficulty of reading, xxi. Kalīlah-Damnah translated into, 15 Knowledge of, necessary to Government officials, 64 Known to learned Hindus, 64-65, 76 Mastery of, by Sulṭān Muḥammad Tughlaq, 44 Studied by Sulṭān 'Alāuddīn Khilji, 33 Studied first by Hindus under Sulṭān Sikandar, 75-76

c22.67

Persian language—continued. Taught at Nishāpūr, 19 Teaching, improved methods of, under Akbar, 161 Translations into, from Turkish, Kashmīrian and Arabic, in Akbar's reign, 149-150 Translations of Indian works into, 13-14, 65, 147, 148, 149, 150 Pharmacology, Indian, studied by Muhammadans, 13 Philosophers, 27, 36, 65, 97, 144 Philosophy: Greek, studied by Muḥammad Tughlaq, 44 Indian, studied by Muhammadans, 13 Muhammadan, studied zealously under 'Alāuddīn Khiljī, 37 Natural, order of its study at Muslim colleges, 162 Physic, 162 Physicians, 39, 48 Pigeon-flying, tutor of Akbar dismissed for, 142 Poetesses, 202 Poetry: Pacific effect of, on Sulṭān Maḥmūd, 11 Proficiency in, by Sulṭān Muḥammad Tughlaq, 44 Poets, 6, 7, 8, 9, 20, 24, 26, 36, 48, 65, 73, 82, 84, 87, 92, 93, 107, 108, 122, 128, 168, 169, 179, 180, 204 Poets, royal rewards to, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 82, 83, 183 (note) Portrait Painting: Forbidden by Fīrūz Shāh Tughlaq, 54 Permitted by Akbar, 155 Precedence, problem of, Akbar's solution, 144 Pretender to learning, a successful, 85-86 Private Benefactors of Learning: 'Abdul Raḥīm, Khān Khānān, 169-170 Akramuddīn Khān Ṣadr, 188-189 Assadullāh of Birbhum, 112 Biānah, lords of, 37 Gardiz, noblemen of, 37 Ghāziuddīn, 194 Ḥasan Razā Khān, 199 Janjar family, 37 Khān Fīrūz Jang, 194 Māham Anaga, 165 Maḥmūd Gāwān of Bidar, 86-89, 116 Mas'ūd 'Alī Ḥusain Khān, 78 Maulā, Sayyid, 27, 28, 32 Muḥammad Walī-ullāh, 196

c22.68

Private Benefactors of Learning—*continued.* Nauhattah, nobles of, 37 Raf'uddīn Muḥammad, Qāẓī, 189 Zainuddīn Khāfī, Shaikh, 134 Private tuition: A means for special and advanced instruction, 117, 164 Prevalence and scope of, 117 Text-books used by son of Dā'ūd Shāh, 81 (note) Private tuition, instances of: 'Abdul Qādir studies with Mihr 'Alī Beg, 164 'Alāuddin Khilji's private studies, 33 Ishāq, Maulānā, as preceptor, 117 Prosody, Emperor Bābar's treatise on, 122 Public Works Department (Shurati 'Ām), literary duties of 126-127

c22.69

QULIS, a forest tribe, 132 Quṭbuddīn, Sulṭān, ruthless enemy to Hindu religion and learning, 19-20

c22.70

RANK of learned men, next to royalty and governors, 130 Raẓiyah, Sulṭāna, a gifted woman-ruler and friend to learning, xviii., xxviii., 21-22, 201 Reading, difficulty of, in mediæval times, xxi. improved method of teaching, introduced under Akbar, 161 Reciters, 90, 98 Recluses, 179 References and allusions, value of, in historical research, ix. Relations of Hindus with Muhammadans, 40, 64, 65, 94, 113, 157, 171, 172 Religion, Akbar's catholic attitude to, 145, 146 Religions, equality of, Kabīr's doctrine, 74 various, represented at Akbar's assemblies, 145 Reservoir of 'Alāuddin Khilji (Ḥauẓ Khāṣ), 60 (note) Rhetoric, text-book of, 81 (note)

c22.71

ṢADRI-JAHĀN (a Muslim official), 48 Sannyāsīs, 184 Sanskrit: Cherished language of the Hindus, 76 (note) Prince Dārā Shikūh's proficiency in, 184 Translations from, into Persian by order of Akbar, 147-150 Sayyids (descendants of the Prophet), 144

c22.72

Scholars: Buddhist, massacre of, at Bihār, 20 Hindu and Buddhist persecuted by Muhammadans, xlvi. Islāmic, inferior in India to those outside, vii. royal generosity to, 4, 12, 13 Tīmūr’s opinion of their courage, 68

c22.73

Schools: Agra, in memory of Shaikh Zainuddīn Khāfī, 134 Delhi, Sayyid Maulā’s academy, 28 Fathpūr Sikrī, houses of Abul Fazl and Faizī, 152 (note) Founded by Mas’ūd, 12 Musalmān Primary, in South India, 96 Nishāpūr, 19 Repaired by Fīrūz Shāh Tughlaq, 56 Silāpūr, for Hindus and Muhammadans, 113

c22.74

Science, royal patrons of, 77, 104, 196 Sciences, order of teaching, in Akbar’s time, 161–162 Seven Halls of Audience, Humāyūn’s, 131

c22.75

Shah ’Alam II., Emperor: College founded at Farrukhābād, 199 New Imperial Library pillaged by Ghulām Qādir, 198

c22.76

Shāh Beg Arghūn, of Sindh, great promoter of letters, 105

c22.77

Shāh Jahān, Emperor: Encourages music, painting, and learning, 183 Founder of Imperial College, Delhi, 181 Jahānārā Begam, his eldest daughter, 203–204 Magnificent buildings a main feature of his reign, 180 Maintains educational progress, 181 Nightly studies, 182 Patron of history, 183 Repairs college buildings, 182

c22.78

Shaikhs, 42, 67, 137, 144, 175, 178 Shi’as, 145

c22.79

Shīr Shāh, Emperor: A great prince in spite of his perfidies, xxvi. A neglected child and self-made man, 136 Lover of history and poetry and the company of scholars, 137 Madrasah built by him at Nārnaul, 137

c22.80

Sikandar Lūdī, Sulṭān: Bigotry of, 74 Conquers Jaunpūr and destroys its colleges, 101 Cruelly terminates a religious argument, 74–75 Encourages learning and *belles lettres*, 73, 77–78 Fond of religious disputation, 74

c22.81

Sikandar Lūdī, Sulṭān—continued. Founds a college at Narwār, 74 Makes verses under a pen-name, 73 Midnight repasts of, 76-77 Pioneer of literary education of military men, 73-74 Turns Hindu temples into Muslim colleges, 74 Singers, famous, 31, 155, 156, 178, 183 Sivaliks, fossils of, xxiii. Siyālkūṭ (Sealkot), famous seat of learning and of the paper manufacture, 189-190 Slave Dynasty (Quṭbuddīn, a slave, and his successors), 19-29 Slaves educated by Sulṭāns, 18, 54 State encouragement of learning : Edict of Fīrūz Shāh Tughlaq, 56 Emperor’s literary tastes reflected by his court and serving as a barometer of the literary atmosphere, xlvi.-xlvii. Exception proving this rule, xlvii. Importance of observing the literary tastes, etc., of Muhammadan rulers, xlviii. Story-tellers (Qiṣṣāḥgus), 24, 54, 90 Subjects taught : At Fīrūz-Shāhi-Madrasah, 62 Nishāpūr, 19 By a 14th-century tutor, 81 (note) In Akbar’s time, 161-162 Ṣūfīism, 152, 185 Ṣūfīs, 62, 144, 185 Sunnīs, 145

c22.82

TAFSĪRS (Commentaries on the Qur’ān), 38, 176, 193 Tartar language, 190 Ṭāsi-gharyāl at Fīrūzābād, xxiii., 55 Tazkirs, performers of, 39 Theologians, 38, 75, 108 : Disputation under Sikandar Lūdī, 74-75 Qur’ān specialists, 38, 39, 62 Theology : Hindu, studied by Prince Dārā Shikūh, 184-185 Muhammadan, instance of rigid study of, under Sikandar, 78 studied zealously under ’Alāuddīn Khiljī, 37 text-book of, 81 (note) Tīmūr Beg, Emperor : Autobiography, 67 Conquest of India, 67

c22.83

Timūr Beg, Emperor—continued. Early education, 68 Founds a college, academies, and libraries, 69 Respect for learning, 67 Tomb in his college at Samarqand, 69 Timurides, 126, 176 Tombs, 36, 58, 59, 61 (note), 66, 69, 109, 134, 138, 194, 203 Transliteration, Table of, xxix. Transportation of massive columns, how effected, 53 Turkī language, xxv.-xxvi., 122 Turkish language, 76 (note), 122, 123, 150, 174

c22.84

UNIVERSITIES: Bihār, destroyed by Bakhtiyār, 19-20 Ghazni, founded by Maḥmūd, 5 Old Hindu, broken up by Muhammadans, xlvi. Rise of, under ’Alāuddīn Khiljī, 35 Universities, Muslim, etc. : Azhar, at Cairo, 102 (note) Expenses of students met by letting apartments, 102 Government aid to, 103 Inspection of, from Delhi, 103 Jaunpūr, 102-105 University life in Jaunpūr, 102-103 ’Unṣurī : Censor of literature, 5, 7 Greatest poet of his age, 5, 6 Panegyrist of Maḥmūd, 6 Poet-laureate, 7 Professor at Ghaznī, 5, 7 Urdu (Hindustani language), origin of, 75-76

c22.85

VETERINARY art, Hindu works on, translated into Persian, 70 (note)

c22.86

WĀQI’NAVĪS, or court diarists, 151 Wards of Hindu cities called after days of the week, 131 (note) Water-clock, invention of, xxiii. Patronage of by Fīrūz Shāh Tughlaq, 55 Weight in silver, a poet’s, 183 (note) Whims, a sulṭān’s, 45-47 White garments, Muhammadan honour of wearing, 31

c22.87

Women, learned, instances of: Badrunnisā, third daughter of Aurangzib, 204 Chānd Bībī, xxviii. Durgāvatī, xxviii. Gul-Badan Begam, daughter of Bābar, 201 Jahānārā Begam, daughter of Shāh Jahān, xxvii., 203-204 Māham Anaga, Akbar’s wet-nurse, 165, 167-168, 202 Māh Malik, xxviii. Mumtaz Mahal, wife of Shāh Jahān, poetess, 202 Nūr Jahān, wife of Jahāngīr, 202 Raziyah, Sulṭāna, daughter and successor to Altamash, xviii., xxviii., 21, 22, 201 Salima Sulṭāna, niece of Humāyūn, poetess, xxvii., 202 Sattiunnisā, learned governess of Jahānārā Begam, 204 Zibunnisā Begam, eldest daughter of Aurangzib, taught by her father, xxvii., 204 Women recite the Qur’ān to Sulṭān Ghiyāṣuddīn of Mālwa, 98 Women-Rulers: Raziyah, Sulṭāna, xviii., xxviii., 21-22, 201 Nūr Jahān, wife of Jahāngīr, 202 Wrestling-schools founded in Aḥmadnagar, 95 Writing materials, 96 Writing, styles of, 123, 158-159

c22.88

ZEMINDAR, a liberal, 112 Zibunnisā Begam, cultured daughter of Aurangzib and patroness of learning, 204 Zoroastrians, 145