Promotion of Learning in India during Muhammadan Rule (by Muhammadans) c24: Index III.—Chronological

Promotion of Learning in India during Muhammadan Rule (by Muhammadans) c24

Language: English

Index III.—Chronological

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NOTE.—Dates not found in the author's text are taken from Poole's *Mediæval India under Muhammadan Rule*. Some dates are not easily determined; but those given are generally accepted as correct.

| A.H. | | A.D. |
| 388–421 | Maḥmūd, soldier, iconoclast and patron of learning | 998–1030 |
| 415 | His peace with Nanda Roy | 1023 |
| | ’Unsurī, 7; Firdausī, 8–10 | |
| 421–432 | Masūd I., founder of schools and colleges | 1030–1040 |
| 451–492 | Ibrāhīm, an excellent penman | 1059–1099 |
| 492–508 | Bairām bin Mas’ūd, ardent patron of letters | 1099–1114 |
| | *Kalilah-Damnah*, translated into Persian, 15 | |

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HOUSE OF GHŪR.

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(To 602 A.H., 1206 A.D.)

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| A.H. | | A.D. |
| 544–556 | ’Alāuddīn, a vandal | 1149–1161 |
| 569–602 | Muḥammad, an educationalist | 1174–1206 |

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SLAVE DYNASTY.

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(602–686 A.H., 1206–1287 A.D.)

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| A.H. | | A.D. |
| 602–607 | Quṭbuddīn, destroyer of Hindu temples | 1206–1210 |
| 607–633 | Altamash, a liberal ruler | 1210–1236 |
| | Amīr Kūhānī, Naṣīruddīn, Fakhr-ul-Mulk, 20, 21 | |
| 634–637 | Sulṭāna Rāziyah, patroness of learning | 1236–1240 |
| 637–639 | Bairām | 1240–1242 |
| 639–644 | Mas’ūd | 1242–1246 |
| 644–664 | Naṣīruddīn, student, scholar and hermit | 1246–1266 |

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INDEX III

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---|--- 664–686 | Balban, protector of the learned | 1266–1287

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| Literary societies of Delhi, 24–26; rise of Delhi as a literary centre, 27 |
| Amīr Khusrau and Amīr Ḥasan, 24, 25 |
| Old age of Shaikh Sa’dī, 26 |

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686–689 | Kaiqubād, a profligate | 1287–1290

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KHILJĪ DYNASTY.

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(689–720 A.H., 1290–1321 A.D.)

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689–695 | Jalāluddin, friend of the learned | 1290–1296

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| Royal literary parties, 31 |
| Sayyid Maulā, 32 |

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695–715 | ’Alāuddīn, illiterate and capricious tyrant | 1296–1316

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| Paradoxical literary brilliance under an unlettered ruler, 39–40 |
| Plenitude of learned men in Delhi, 38–40 |
| Better understanding between Hindus and Muslims, 40 |

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695 | Ḥauẓ Khāṣ reservoir made, 60 (note) | 1295 716–720 | Mubārak, a debauchee, who, however, restored endowments confiscated by ’Alāuddīn | 1316–1321

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TUGHLAQ DYNASTY.

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(720–817 A.H., 1321–1414 A.D.)

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720–725 | Ghiyāṣuddīn, law-giver | 1321–1325

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| Blight of Alāuddīn’s rule evidenced in a lowering of the literary standard at Delhi, 43 |

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725–752 | Muḥammad, brilliant but whimsical and cruel | 1325–1351

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742 | Ibn Baṭūṭah visits India, 46 | 1341 752–790 | Fīrūz, a good and liberal administrator | 1351–1388

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| Care for Hindu monuments, 52 |

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753 | College at top of Ḥauẓ Khāṣ, 60 (note) | 1352 772 | Foundation of Jaunpūr, 100–101 (note) | 1371

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--- | --- | --- 790-817 | Dark period, covering ravages of Tīmūr | 1388-1414 792 | Tomb of Fīrūz built at Ḥauẓ Khāṣ | 1389 801-802 | Invasion of Tīmūr (Tamerlane), who wrecked Delhi and other centres of learning; yet had respect for learned men, and built a college in Samarqand, where he was buried, 67-69 | 1398-1399

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SAYYID DYNASTY.

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(817-855 A.H., 1414-1451 A.D.)

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817-824 | Khiẓr Khān, founder of Khiẓrābād | 1414-1488

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LŪDĪ DYNASTY.

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(855-932 A.H., 1451-1526 A.D.)

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855-894 | Bahlūl, founder of Agra | 1451-1488 894-923 | Sikandar, benefactor of learning, but a bigoted Musalmān | 1488-1518

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| Formation of Urdu or Hindustani out of native and foreign elements, 76 |
| Indian medical science studied by Muslims, 77 |

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923-932 | Ibrāhīm, conquered by Bābar | 1518-1526

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MUGHAL PERIOD.

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(932-1275 A.H., 1526-1857 A.D.)

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932-937 | Bābar, scholar, poet, and musician | 1526-1530

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| Educational services performed by the State, 127 |
| Book illustration introduced by Bābar, 126 |

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937-946 | Humāyūn, astrologer and savant | 1530-1539

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941 | Deaths of Shaikh Zainuddīn Khāfī and of Khundamīr | 1534-1535 946 | Humāyūn deposed by Shīr Shāh | 1539

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| A.H. | | A.D. |
| 946–952 | Shīr Shāh, a friend of learning | 1539–1545 |
| 952–960 | Islām Shāh | 1545–1552 |
| 962–963 | Humāyūn’s restoration and death | 1555–1556 |
| 963–1014 | Akbar the Great, statesman and patron of letters, a most enlightened and liberal monarch | 1556–1605 |
| 981 | Builds ’Ibādat Khāna | 1574 |
| | Holds famous assemblies therein, 144–147 | |
| | Favours Hindu learning and literature and promotes the translation of the *Mahābhārata*, *Rāmāyaṇa*, and other Sanskrit classics into Persian and Hindi, 147–150 | |
| | Co-education of Muhammadans and Hindus, 160–161 | |
| | Technical improvements in education, 161 | |
| 969 | Madrasah of Māham Anaga, 165–167 | 1561 |
| | ’Abdul Raḥīm, great patron of letters, 169–170 | |
| 1014–1037 | Jahāngīr, connoisseur of books and pictures | 1605–1628 |
| | Excellence of painting in his reign, 187 | |
| | Farrukh Beg, Abūl Ḥasan, Manṣūr, painters, 176–177 | |
| | Jahāngīr’s law of intestacy, 174–5 | |
| 1037–1069 | Shāh Jahān, builder and restorer of colleges | 1628–1659 |
| | Prince Dārā Shikūh, great scholar and patron of Hindu literature and religion, 184–186 | |
| | *Pādshāh Nāmah* and its author, 183 | |
| 1056 | Death of Nūr Jahān | 1646 |
| 1067 | Upanishads translated into Persian, 185 | 1657 |
| 1069–1119 | Aurangzib, promoter of Muslim education and learning | 1659–1707 |
| | Pioneer of compulsory education and of grants to students according to proficiency, 187–189 | |
| | Educates his eldest daughter, 204 | |
| | Views on the education of princes, 192 | |
| 1119–1124 | Bahādur Shāh, under whom Muslim rule begins to decline | 1707–1712 |
| 1131–1161 | Muḥammad Shāh, patron of astronomy | 1719–1748 |

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--- | --- | --- 1136 | Observatory built at Delhi by Jai Singh, 196 | 1724

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| Muḥammad Shāhī Astronomical Table, 197 |
| Nādir Shāh sacks Delhi and carries away the Imperial Library, 198 |

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1173–1221 | Shāh 'Ālam II. | 1757–1806

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| Ghulām Qādir pillages the partly restored Imperial Library, 198–199 |

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II.—THE MINOR MUSLIM KINGDOMS.

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I. BAHMANĪ.

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(748–933 A.H., 1347–1526 A.D.)

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748–759 | Ḥasan Gangu, a Brāhmaṇa, acquainted with Persian | 1347–1358

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| Probably earliest instance of a Brāhmaṇa accepting office under a Muslim prince, 81 |

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776–780 | Mujāhid Shāh, fluent Turkish scholar | 1375–1378 780–799 | Maḥmūd Shāh, called Aristotle by the Deccanese | 1378–1397 780 | Founds madrasah for orphans, 82 | 1378

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| Relations with Ḥāfiẓ, 82–83 |

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799 | Ghiyāṣuddīn Shāh and Shamsuddīn Shāh | 1397 800–825 | Fīrūz Shāh, learned in languages | 1397–1422

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| Sends ships annually to invite visits from learned foreigners, 85 |

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810 | Observatory built near Daulatābād | 1407 825–838 | Aḥmad Shāh I., ill-disposed towards Hindus | 1422–1435 867–887 | Muḥammad II., a learned king | 1463–1482

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| Maḥmūd Gāwān, the king's minister, great patron of learning and builder of a magnificent college at Bīdar, 86–89 |

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887–924 | Maḥmūd Shāh II., a profligate | 1482–1518

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2. BĪJĀPŪR.

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(895-1096 A.H., 1489-1686 A.D.)

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| A.H. | | A.D. |
| 895-916 | 'Ādil Shāh, accomplished in literature and music | 1489-1510 |
| 916-941 | Ismā'īl 'Ādil Shāh, musician, poet, and painter | 1510-1534 |
| 941-965 | Ibrāhīm 'Ādil Shāh I. Many Brāhmaṇas appointed to the revenue department, 93 Public accounts begin to be kept in Hindī, 93 | 1534-1557 |
| 987-1004 | Ibrāhīm 'Ādil Shāh II. | 1579-1596 |

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3. AḤMADNAGAR.

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(From about the beginning of the 16th century A.D.)

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Aḥmad Niẓām Shāh, the first king, introduced the practice of single-stick, and schools for this and for wrestling were established in his city

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4. GULKANDAH.

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Muḥammad Qulī Quṭb Shāh, who reigned about the end of the 16th century and beginning of the 17th century A.D., built the Chahār Mīnār Madrasah, one of the most splendid buildings in Ḥaidarābād

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5. MĀLWA.

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(804-937 A.H., 1401-1531 A.D.)

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| 839-874 | Maḥmūd Khiljī, patron of learning and letters Under him Mālwa became a great centre of learning, 97 | 1435-1469 |
| 874-906 | Ghiyāṣuddīn, who appointed schoolmistresses for the instruction of the ladies of his harem | 1469-1500 |
| (?)-937 | Bāz Bahādur, a too enthusiastic musician, conquered by Akbar | (?)-1531 |

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6 KHĀNDĪSH.

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Nazar Khān, the second sovereign, who resigned about the last quarter of the 14th century A.D., had Shaikh Zainuddīn as his priest

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Nāṣir Khān Fārūqī, a great patron of letters, ruled for about forty years and raised his principality to a high position in the literary world. He was about contemporary with the Sayyid Dynasty and with Ibrāhīm Sharqī of Jaunpūr, during the first half of the 16th century A.D.

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7. JAUNPŪR.

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(796–881 A.H., 1394–1477 A.D.)

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| 803–844 | Ibrāhīm Sharqī, famous patron of learning and letters | 1401–1440 |
| | The court of this prince far outshone that of Delhi at the time, and his capital became a famous university city, 100 | |
| 844–861 | Maḥmūd Shāh, son of Ibrāhīm. His wife, Bībī Rāji, built and endowed a college and other buildings | 1440–1457 |
| 881 | Annexation by Delhi | 1477 |
| 1147 | Nawāb Sa’ādat Khān Nishāpūrī appointed Subādār and confiscates stipends and jāgirs of the learned, 105 | 1735 |
| 1187 | Nawāb Āṣafuddaulah restores the jāgirs confiscated by Sa’ādat Khān, 103–104 | 1774 |

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8. MULTAN.

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Ḥusain Langā, a learned man and patron of learning, built many colleges. He reigned about the third quarter of the 15th century A.D., 105 9. SINDH, KASHMĪR, AND GUJRĀT.

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A.H. Shāh Beg Arghūn, of Sindh, well read and a great patron of letters, reigned about the third decade of the 16th century A.D., 105 Zainul 'Ābidīn, of Kashmīr, patron of literature and the fine arts, was about contemporary with Shāh Beg Arghūn, of Sindh, 106 974 Ḥusain Khān, Walī of Kashmīr, built madrasahs 1566 or 1567 Muẓaffar Shāh II., of Gujrāt, a royal Mæcenas 1511-1525 A.D.

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10. BENGAL.

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(599-984 A.H., 1202-1576 A.D.)

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Governor Ghiyāṣuddīn, liberal patron of arts and letters 1212-1227 Nāṣir Shāh, son of Sulṭān Balban of Delhi, great patron of Bengali Rāmāyāna and Mahābhārata translated into Bengali, 107 1282-1325 Ghiyāṣuddīn II., poet and contemporary of Ḥāfiẓ 1367-1373 Rājah Kānis, granted pensions to learned Muslims 1385-1392 Yūsuf Shāh 1474-1481 Ruins of madrasah near Umārpūr dated 1479 A.D. Ḥusain Shāh, great patron of Bengali 1493-1518 Founded college in memory of Quṭbul 'Ālam Nawāb Murshid Quli Ja'far Khān, learned and pious 1704-1725

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STUDIES IN ANCIENT HINDU POLITY.

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PROMOTION OF LEARNING IN INDIA

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By Early European Settlers.

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(Up to about 1800 A.D.)

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the Athenians, and the Lacedaemonians, and the allies of both, were all of them in a state of great excitement, and many prophecies were being recited by the diviners, and were current even among those who were not at war. Besides this, there was an earthquake in Delos, which is said to have occurred only once before in the history of the Hellenes. It was said to be a portent of what was to come, and everything of this kind was interpreted as a sign of the approaching events.

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The majority of the Hellenes were on the side of the Lacedaemonians; for they were the liberators of Hellas. The Athenians, on the other hand, had ceased to be the liberators of the Hellenes from the Persians, and were now themselves the masters of the greater part of them. The Lacedaemonians were the leaders of the Peloponnesians, and the Athenians were the leaders of the rest of Hellas, or at least of those who were their allies.

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The Lacedaemonians were the most powerful of the Hellenes, and their allies were the most numerous. The Athenians were the most powerful at sea, and their allies were the most numerous. The Lacedaemonians were the most powerful on land, and their allies were the most numerous. The Athenians were the most powerful at sea, and their allies were the most numerous. The Lacedaemonians were the most powerful on land, and their allies were the most numerous. The Athenians were the most powerful at sea, and their allies were the most numerous.

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The Lacedaemonians were the most powerful on land, and their allies were the most numerous. The Athenians were the most powerful at sea, and their allies were the most numerous. The Lacedaemonians were the most powerful on land, and their allies were the most numerous. The Athenians were the most powerful at sea, and their allies were the most numerous. The Lacedaemonians were the most powerful on land, and their allies were the most numerous. The Athenians were the most powerful at sea, and their allies were the most numerous.

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the Athenians, who were already in the city, were not aware of the plot, but when they saw the Plataeans fighting, they did not wish to attack them, as they were friends, but when they saw that they were being attacked and killed in the city, they were at a loss what to do. They decided to run to the citadel, and some of them escaped there, while others were killed in the streets as they were caught by the Thebans. The women and slaves were screaming and wailing in the houses, and the Thebans, who were in the city, were throwing stones at them, as the confusion was great. In the meantime, the rest of the Thebans, who were outside, hearing the shouting, rushed into the city to help their comrades.

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The Plataeans, seeing that they were being attacked by the Thebans, and that the Thebans were already in the city, were in great fear. They opened the gates of the city, and let the Athenians, who were in the citadel, come out, and they also let the rest of the Plataeans, who were in the houses, come out. They then attacked the Thebans, and as they were fighting in the dark, and in the narrow streets, the Thebans were at a disadvantage. The Plataeans, who knew the city well, were able to attack them from the houses, and from the roofs, and they were able to kill many of them. The Thebans, seeing that they were being defeated, tried to escape, but the gates were closed, and they were trapped. Some of them climbed over the walls, and others were killed as they tried to escape.

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The Plataeans, having defeated the Thebans, sent a messenger to Athens to tell them what had happened, and to ask for help. The Athenians, hearing the news, sent a force to Plataea, and they also sent a message to the Thebans, telling them that if they did not release the prisoners, they would kill the Thebans who were in their hands. The Thebans, fearing for their men, agreed to release the prisoners, and the Plataeans, having received their men, released the Thebans. This was the beginning of the war between the Athenians and the Peloponnesians.