A History of Indian Medical Literature v1.c10.28

v1.c10.28

These terms are: vāda (debate), of a positive (jalpa) or critical (vitaṇḍā) nature; 53 dravya, guṇa, karman, sāmānya, viśeṣa, samavāya, terms already discussed in the Ślokasthāna; 54 pratijñā (thesis); 55 sthāpanā (justification) 56 by means of hetu (reason), dṛṣṭānta (corroborative instance), upanaya (correlation) and nigamana (establishment of the thesis); 57 pratiṣthāpanā (justification of a counter-thesis); 58 hetu (reason), 59 i.e., the means of obtaining knowledge (upalabdhikāraṇa), consisting of pratyakṣa (perception), anumāna (inference), aitihya (tradition) 60 and aupamya (analogy); 61 dṛṣṭānta; 62 upanaya 63 and nigamana; 64 uttara (rejoinder); 65 siddhānta (conclusive theoretical statement), divided into sarvatantra- (generally acknowledged), pratitantra- (restrictedly valid), adhikaraṇa- (implied) 66 and abhyupagamasiddhānta (hypothetical statement); 67 śabda (words), divided into dṛṣṭārtha (based on observable facts), adṛṣṭārtha (based on unobservable entities), satya (consistent) and anṛta (inconsistent); 68 pratyakṣa, 69 anumāna, 70 aitihya, 71 aupamya; 72 saṃśaya (doubt); 73 prayojana (purpose); 74 savyabhicāra (uncertain statement, making allowance for exceptions); 75 jijñāsā (enquiry); 76 vyavasāya (decision); 77 arthaprāpti (implied meaning); 78 saṃbhava (source); 79 anuyojya (questionable statement); 80 ananuyojya (unquestionable statement); 81 anuyoga (questioning about scriptural evidence); 82 pratyanuyoga (counter-questioning); 83 vākyadoṣa 84 (flaws in speech), of five types: nyūna (deficient), 85 adhika (superfluous), 86 anarthaka (meaningless), 87 apārthaka (incoherent), 88 and viruddha (incongruous); 89 vākyapraśamsā (commendable speech); 90 chala (deceptive speech); 91 ahetu (fallacious reasoning), 92 which is of three types: prakaraṇasama (relating to the topic), saṃśayasama (relating to doubt) and varṇyasama (relating to the object); 93 atītakāla (a statement deviating from the proper temporal order); 94 upālambha (a statement pointing out defects in causal reasoning); 95 parihāra (refutation of upālambha); 96 pratijñāhāni (abandonment of the original thesis);97 abhyanujñā (acceptance of an allegation, but turning to the opponent);98 hetvantara (fallacy of the reason adduced);99 arthāntara (an irrelevant statement);100 nigrahasthāna (reasons of defeat).101