A History of Indian Medical Literature v2.c29.355

v2.c29.355

1 Nidāna in its broad sense consists of five elements, necessary in order to diagnose a disease correctly: nidāna in its restricted sense (aetiology), pūrvarūpa (prodromes), rūpa or liṅga (symptomatology), upaśaya (therapeutic diagnosis) and saṃprāpti (onset). See Ca.Ni.1.6. Cakra distinguishes the two aspects of the term as vyādhijanakahetu (restricted sense) and vyādhibodhakakāraṇa (broad sense) (ad 1.1–2). See on the history of medical diagnosis: C. Habrich, F. Marguth and J.H. Wolf (1978); R. Wittern (1978). 2 Cf. A.h.Ni.1.3; A.s.Ni.1.7; Mādhavanidāna 1.5 (and the commentaries). See on the synonyms of nidāna: S. Dasgupta (1975): II, 395–396 (Dasgupta was of the opinion that the terms listed derive from an early layer of medical literature). See on the term nidāna: J. Gonda (1969): 45 and 63–66 (Gonda disagrees with Dasgupta); L. Renou (1946). See on its synonym āyatana: J. Gonda (1969). 3 See Ca.Sū.11. 4 This set is called nidānapañcaka (Cakra ad Ca.Ni.1.6). 5 Cakra distinguishes two kinds of pūrvarūpa: sāmānya (due to the interaction of doṣa and dūṣya: doṣadūṣyasaṃmūrcchanāvasthājanya) and viśiṣṭa (the not yet manifest symptoms of the specific disease that is developing: bhāvivyādhyavyaktarūpa). Cf. A.h.Ni.1.3d–4 and Mādhavanidāna 1.5d–6 (and the commentaries). See P.V. Sharma (1985e): 275–276. 6 Compare A.h.Ni.1.5 and Mādhavanidāna 1.7 (and the commentaries). 7 Upaśaya is helpful in diagnosing a hidden (gūḍhaliṅga) disease (Ca.Vi.4.8). Cakra distinguishes (ad 1.10) eighteen types of upaśaya (see P.V. Sharma, 1985e: 277–278). Compare A.h.Ni.1.6–7 and Mādhavanidāna 1.8–9 (and the commentaries). 8 Compare A.h.Ni.1.8 and Mādhavanidāna 1.10 (and the commentaries). See on saṃprāpti: S.N. Tripathi (1978). 9 The number of varieties of a particular disease. 10 Two types: involvement of two doṣas is called tara, of three doṣas tama. 11 The distinction of types of disease, such as: nija and āgantu; caused by a particular doṣa; sādhya (curable), asādhya (incurable), mṛdu(sādhya) (easily curable), and dāruṇa(sādhya) (difficult to cure). Dāruṇa is also employed in this sense at Ca.Sū.18.26 and 37. Mṛdu and dāruṇa are opposites (Cakra ad Ca.Sū.12.7). 12 The determination of the relative strength of the doṣas involved in a disease and of the properties of these doṣas taking part in pathological processes (aṃśāṃśabalavikalpa). 13 Compare A.h.Ni.1.9–11 and Mādhavanidāna 1.11–13 (and the commentaries). 14 Cakra refers to Dakṣa's sacrifice. See Cakra's comments: rājayakṣman, which has a different origin, is discussed in the Nidānasthāna because of its importance. 15 Some books and articles on the medical topography of India and Sri Lanka are: *A. Adams (1899); R. Akhtar *(1982), (1986); R. Akhtar and A.T.A. Learmonth (1986); J. Annesley *(1825), (1828); D. Arnold (1993): 11–43; N. Chevers (1886); K. Choubey (1971); J. Davy (1969): 356–368; *J. Fayrer (1882); *A.M.V. Hesterlow (1929); M.J. Joshi and C.D. Deshpande (1972), (1986); A.T.A. Learmonth *(1958), (1961); *K. Mackinnon (1848); *F.N. Macnamara (1880); *J.R. Martin (1837); *J. McClelland (1859); R.P. Misra (1970);