A History of Indian Medical Literature v2.c33.376

v2.c33.376

101 The vaikaraṇja snakes. 102 Cf. Mādhavanidāna 69.16d. 103 Cf. Ca.Ci.23.136. 104 Cf. Ca.Ci.23.163. 105 See on Indian snakes, snake venoms, etc: D.K. Chaudhuri, S.R. Maitra and B.N. Ghosh (1971); J.C. Daniel (1983): 61–128; P.J. Deoras (1965); K.G. Gharpurey (1954); A.E. Leviton (1968); T.S.N. Murthy and R.S. Pillai (1986b); H.A. Reid (1968); *M.A. Smith (1943); *A.J. Wall (1979); F. Wall (1917); WIRM IX, 369–377. 106 Also mentioned at Ca.Ci.23.134 and 136. 107 Omitted by Bhishagratna. 108 Their number is twenty-seven, in spite of Ka.4.11cd. Compare Ca.Ci.23.136 and 160cd on āśīviṣa snakes. 109 Mentioned in the Carakasaṃhitā (Ci.23.136). 110 Their number is twenty-seven, although twenty-two kinds are mentioned at Ka.4.12ab. 111 Their number is twelve, in contrast to Ka.4.12ab. 112 Some non-venomous Indian snakes are dangerous because they are capable of inflicting severe wounds. An example is the common ratsnake, Ptyas mucosus (Linn.). See on Ptyas mucosus (Linn.): P.J. Deoras (1965): 103–104. 113 In agreement with Ka.4.12cd. H. Srinivasa Rao (1983: 85) identifies the vṛkseśaya as the arboreal colubrine Dendrophis. Harmless Indian tree snakes are: Dendrelaphis tristis (Daudin), the golden bronzeback or tree snake (see J.C. Daniel, 1983: 85–86; R.E. Hawkins, 1986: 561; T.S.N. Murthy and R.S. Pillai, 1986: 233; S.H. Prater, 1924: 158), Dendrelaphis pictus (Gmelin), the painted bronzeback (see J.C. Daniel, 1983: 86), Chrysopelea ornata (Shaw), the golden tree snake or flying snake (see J.C. Daniel, 1983: 87–88; R.E. Hawkins, 1986: 239–240; T.S.N. Murthy and R.S. Pillai, 1986: 233), Boiga trigonata (Schneider), the Indian gamma or cat snake (see J.C. Daniel, 1983: 99–100; T.S.N. Murthy and R.S. Pillai, 1986: 233), Boiga forsteni (Dum. et Bibr.), Forsten's cat snake (see J.C. Daniel, 1983: 101), and Ahaetulla nasutus (Lacépède) (formerly called Dryophis mycterizans), the common green whip snake (see J.C. Daniel, 1983: 102–103; T.S.N. Murthy and R.S. Pillai, 1986: 233; F. Wall, 1983: 527–532). 114 In agreement with Ka.4.12cd. The Madhukośa (ad Mādhavanidāna 69.16) says that a kṛṣṇasarpa arises from the union of a maṇḍalin and goṇasa. 115 In agreement with Ka.4.13ab. 116 Cf. Ca.Ci.23.130–131a. 117 Cf. Ca.Ci.23.126–129; Mādhavanidāna 69.17–18. 118 Cf. Ca.Ci.23.131cd–132ab. 119 Cf. Ca.Ci.23.133. 120 Bhishagratna and Singhal c.s. suppose the ajagara to be a Boa constrictor, which, however, does not occur in India. The ajagara is more probably the Indian python, called ajgar in Hindi: Python molurus (Linn.), which belongs to the family of snakes called Boidae. Two Indian snakes belong to the same subfamily of the Boidae as the Boa constrictor: Eryx conicus (Schneider), the red earth boa or Russell's earth boa, and Eryx johni (Russell) = E. iaculus (Linn.), the black earth boa or John's earth boa (see J.C. Daniel, 1983: 67–70; K.G. Gharpurey, 1954: 64–65; T.S.N. Murthy and R.S. Pillai, 1986: 227–229; S.H. Prater, 1924: 152). 121 Compare the seven stages of poisoning by a sthāvara substance (Ka.2.34–39). The