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A History of Indian Medical Literature v3.c42.s15: Special features

A History of Indian Medical Literature v3.c42.s15

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Special features

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Although the medical science is said to be eightfold (aṣṭadhā), the divisions enumerated and defined are nine in number: śalya or śalyoddharaṇaka, śālākya, kāyacikitsā, agada, bālacikitsā, viṣatantra, bhūtavidyā, vājīkaraṇa, and rasāyana, while, moreover, a tenth division, called upāṅga, is added to the series; śalya heads the list, in spite of the fact that the Hārītasamhitā is mainly devoted to kāyacikitsā; agada deals with diseases of rectum, anal region and bladder (gudāmaya, bastiruj), to be treated with the three varieties of clysters (ūhaka = nirūha, āsthāpana and anuvasana); this acceptation of the term agada is peculiar to the Hārītasamhitā; 193 bālacikitsā has the same range as the division usually called kaumārabhṛtya; the definition of bhūtavidyā refers to possession by demoniacal beings and does not mention unmāda, nor apasmāra; the supplementary aṅga (upāṅga) is characterized by the use of cautery (dagdha) in the treatment of bruises, wounds, fractures, etc. (I.2). The seasons are described in the following order: rainy season, autumn, winter, cool season, spring, and summer (I.4.19–66). 194 The life cycle of human beings in general is divided into four stages (I.5.1–14). 195 The characteristics of several types of wind are enumerated, according to the points of the compass from which they are blowing, and dependent on contrivances producing a flow of air (I.5.24–42). A disease thought to be caused by a strong wind and appearing in both human beings living together in a settlement and domestic animals, is called yakṣman in humans, tilaka in cattle, pāvaka in elephants, and vedya in horses (I.5.48). Pitta is the doṣa to be protected in particular in elephants, kapha in horses, and vāyu in human beings (I.5.49). The chapter on the tastes (I.6) employs the terms lavaṇa and kṣāra as synonyms. Each of the three doṣas is thought to be provoked or pacified by two tastes (I.5.2–4).

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The chapter on the various kinds of water and their properties (I.7) deals with the subject more extensively than the Caraka- and Suśrutasamhitā; 196 it describes the properties of rainwater falling in particular months (I.7.18–24); the classification of the kinds of water resembles the one found in the Suśrutasamhitā, but the Hārītasamhitā adds an eighth type of dhāra water, vāpyudbhava, 197 to the seven of Suśruta (I.7.35); the verses on the water from rivers (I.7.45–65) mention a large number of names and end with the claim that the total number of rivers is 2,100. The rivers flowing to

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the Northeast are Gaṅgā, Sarasvatī, 198 Śoṇā, 199 Yamunā, 200 Śacī, Veṇā, 201 Śarāvatī, 202 and Nilā; the rivers flowing to the eastern ocean are Carmaṇvatī, 203 Vetravatī, 204 Pārāvatī, 205 Kṣiprā, 206 Mahāpadī, Pitā, Mutsakā, Manasvinī, Śevatī, Śaivalinī, and Sindhu; flowing to the West are the rivers Tāpī, 207 Tāpā, Golomī, Gomatī, 208 Salilā, Mahī, 209 Sarasvatī, and Narmadā; 210 flowing to the western ocean are the rivers Gautamī, 211 Pūrṇā, 212 Payasvinī, 213 Vetrā, Praṇītā, 214 Varānanā, Droṇā, and Govardhanī; the rivers flowing to the South are Kāverī, 215 Vīrakāntā, Bhīmā, 216 Payasvinī, Vibhāvarī, Viśālā, Govindī, Madanasvasā, and Pārvatī. 217

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The chapter on milk and dairy produce (I.8) has some verses (I.8.2–12) on the physiology of lactation; 218 the qualities of breastmilk depend on the colour of the skin of the mother or wet-nurse (I.8.14–15ab); 219 the qualities of the milk of cows of diverse colours are described (I.8.16); the properties of dadhi (thick sour milk), produced in each of the six seasons, are enumerated (I.8.39–44). 220 The chapter on urines has some verses on the properties of the urine of a bull and ox (I.9.13–14).

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The chapter on kānjika (I.11) gives details on this fluid according to the kind of grain used for its preparation (yava, godhūma, yugandhara). 221 The chapter on grain lists eighteen varieties of rice, the names of which differ considerably from those met with in the Carakasamhitā, Suśrutasamhitā and Aṣṭāṅgahṛdayasamhitā (I.15.1–2); the group called kṣudradhānya consists of kaṇḍu, kapikacchurā, 222 kodrava, markaṭī, 223 and śyāmāka (I.15.14). 224 Four categories of vegetables are distinguished: pattra (leaves), puṣpa (flowers), phala (fruits), and kanda (roots, rhizomes, bulbs) (I.16.1). Three kinds of honey are distinguished: bhrāmara, sāragha and kṣaudra, produced by bees making their nests in trees, shrubs and in the cavities of trees respectively (I.18). Alcoholic drinks are divided into four types: gauḍī, produced from guḍa (treacle), mādhvī, produced from honey, paiṣṭī, produced from grain, and niryāsā, produced from the juice of plants; twelve varieties are distinguished: three varieties of gauḍī: sīdhu, gauḍī and matsyaṇḍī, three varieties of mādhvī: mādhvīka, madhuka and mādhva, three varieties of paiṣṭī: paiṣṭī, ariṣṭa and jāta, three types of niryāsā, produced from the juice of grapes and the plants tāḍa and māḍa (I.9.1–4). Animals are divided into the following categories: śūlin (tusked animals), 225 śṛṅgin (animals with horns), nakhin (animals with claws), 226 śvāpada (animals of prey), pakṣin (birds), matsya (fishes), and sarīsṛpa (creeping animals) (I.20.1); other categories are: jalecara (a group of aquatic animals), jalādhāra (another group of aquatic animals), grāmanivāsin (domestic animals), and araṇyanivāsin (wild animals) (I.20.2), and: ānūpa, jāṅgala, and sādhāraṇa (I.20.2).

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A feature peculiar to the Hārītasamhitā is the attention given to the influence of the nakṣatras on the course of a disease. Chapter six of the Ariṣṭasthāna is entirely (fifty-two verses) devoted to this subject, neglected in most of the āyurvedic treatises. 227 Chapter seven describes an elaborate sacrificial ritual (homavidhi), to be performed on behalf of a patient; bundles of firewood (samidh), derived from many different trees, are employed in it.

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The first chapter of the Cikitsasthāna describes the pathogenesis of fever in a way that differs from what is found in other treatises (III.1.1–3). 228 A series of verses (I.4–11ab) describe chains of disorders, beginning with fever, resulting the one from the other, and ending in death. 229 Eleven dreadful (mahāghora) diseases are enumerated (1. 11cd–12). 230 The number of days required for each doṣa and group of doṣas to reach maturation (pāka) is specified (1.14–17ab). The average duration of a fever is said to be seven days (1.18cd–19). The choice treatment of fevers, consisting of fasting and related procedures (laṅghana), is described in detail (1.21–33); six varieties are distinguished (1.34); 231 laṅghana procedures should be employed for six days in vāta fevers, three days in pitta fevers, seven days in kapha fevers, while sāmṇipāta fevers require ten days and reach maturation on the fifteenth day (1.36–37). Blood is the foremost doṣa in fevers occurring in children; in the sixteenth year of life the three doṣas (vāta, pitta, kapha) have become involved in fevers; from the twenty-fifth year onwards fevers are of a sāmṇipātika type (1.38cd–39). 232

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A kvātha is thought to possess six properties (1.41); these should be taken into consideration with regard to the time of its application (1.42–46). Seven types of kvātha are described, which have different actions related to their degree of dilution or concentration (1.47–52ab). Several rules are given with regard to the administration of a kvātha (1.59–64 and 72–74).

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Chapter two begins with verses on the physician, classification of diseases, etc. (2.1–25). Diseases are divided into three broad categories: karmaja, doṣaja and sahaja (2.23–25). 233 The remaining part of the chapter is devoted to fevers and their treatment. The names of fever and its characteristics in various living beings are enumerated (2.26–35). 234 The exterior of fever (2.36–38) 235 and its mythical origin are described. Thirteen types of sudation are listed (2.142–145). 236 Four varieties of viṣamajvara are distinguished: ekāhika, 237 dvyāhika, 238 tryāhika or tṛtīyaka, and cāturthaka (2.187–194); an irregular (viṣama) fever is a fever that affects one of the elements of the body in particular: velājvara 239 affects the rasa, ekāhika the blood, tṛtīyaka the muscular tissue, cāturthaka the bone tissue, while the fever called jīrṇa affects all the elements (2.195). 240 Patients suffering from fever are advised to pay homage to Hanumant 241 and to recite a mantra addressed to Sugrīva 242 (2.218–219).

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Fever, seen as an anthropomorphic figure, manifests itself fourfold and causes four types of fever: raudrajvara, when appearing like a brāhmaṇa, māhauraudra or māhendrajvara in its kṣatriya form, jvareśvara in its vaiśya, and kālajvara in its śūdra form; the symptoms of these fevers are described, together with their, mainly religious, treatment (2.220–234). 243

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Chapter three, devoted to diarrhoea, begins with the classification of remedial measures, divided into two triads: doṣasaṃśama, dhātudūṣaṇa, and health-maintaining (used in svasthavṛtti), 244 daivapathāśraya, yuktipathāśraya, and sattvāvajaya (3.2–3). 245 Five varieties of diarrhoea (atisāra) are distinguished: caused by vāta, pitta, kapha, blood, and sāmṇipāta. 246 Chapter three also deals with jvarātisāra (3.7–8, 11–15, 20–22). 247 The same chapter describes the four types of grahaṇī and their treatment (3.79–108). 248 A complication of grahaṇī is a disorder called the third type of gulma; 249 six varieties of it are distinguished: plīhan, yakṛt, jaṭhara, kaṇḍu, malabandha or aṣṭhilā, and krimi (3.84–85). 250

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Chapter four describes five varieties of gulma, distinct according to their location: 251 yakṛt in the cardiac region, aṣṭhilā in the lateral parts of the abdomen, plīhan

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in the middle of the abdomen, caṇḍavivṛddhaka in the region of the urinary bladder, and granthin in the umbilical region (4.2–4ab). 252 Gulma is said to be caused either by pitta and blood or by all three doṣas (4.8–9). 253 The same chapter is concerned with the treatment of viṣūcikā (4.27–38).

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Chapter five describes parasites (krimi) and disorders caused by them. 254 Seven kinds of external and six kinds of internal parasites are distinguished; the latter are collectively called kiñcaka. The external worms are called kṛṣṇā yūkā (black louse), śvetā yūkā (white louse), 255 carmayūkikā, 256 binduki, 257 matkuṇa, 258 śironivāsinī (the head louse), and yaṣṭikā. 259 The internal worms are called pṛthumuṇḍa, 260 kiñcukasamnibha, 261 dhānyāṅkuranibha, 262 sūkṣma, aṇu, and sūcimukha. 263

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Chapter six discusses the digestive fire (agni) and its three disorders. A slow fire (mandāgni) is attributed to an excess of vāta and kapha or of kapha singly (6.3cd and 7), an intensely active fire (tīkṣṇāgni) to a deficiency of vāta and kapha (6.10). 264 The latter disorder gives rise to an even more intensely burning fire, called bhasmaka, 265 and a long series of diseases in its wake (6.11cd–13). 266 A few verses at the end of the chapter (6.32–36) are about the treatment of anorexia (arocaka), not discussed as a separate disease in the Hāritasamhitā.

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Chapter seven is about colicky pains (śūla). 267 Ten types are described: three caused by one doṣa, three by a combination of two doṣas, one type accompanied by āma, one type devoid of āma, one arising from undigested food (ajīrṇānna), and one arising during the digestive process (pariṇāmaja). 268 Two types are added to this series: one arising after the intake of food (bhuktopari), 269 regarded as a variety of the kapha type, and one, arising after the digestion of the food, called pariṇāmaja again (7.13–16). A sāmṇipātika type is referred to in the verses on treatment (4.56–57). 270

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Chapter eight is concerned with pāṇḍuroga. Five types are distinguished: three caused by one doṣa, one by all three doṣas, and one called rūkṣaṇa (8.1–2); the rūkṣaṇa type is probably identical with the type arising from the eating of earth (8.11–14). 271

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Chapter nine deals with kṣaya (91–102) and rājayakṣman (9.103–133). Kṣaya (a deficiency of one or more of the bodily constituents) is said to be ultimately caused by evil actions committed in previous existences (9.1–4), although the immediate causes of each type of kṣaya are separately listed. Ten types are distinguished: a deficient state of one of the three doṣas and of one of the seven bodily elements (9.5–7). 272 Specific prescriptions are given for each of these, to which are added a series of compound formulae. 273 The second part of the chapter describes the mythical origin of rājayakṣman, its immediate causes, symptoms, and treatment. A particular number of symptoms is not mentioned, 274 nor the involvement of the doṣas. Specific types of śoṣa (= kṣaya), comparable to those of the Suśrutasaṃhitā, 275 are not described, but the causes of these disorders are referred to as giving rise to rājayakṣman (10.103–111).

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Chapter ten, about raktapitta, agrees remarkably well with the Carakasaṃhitā (Ci.4) in the description of the aetiology and symptomatology. Eighteen complications of this disease are listed (10.16–18). 276 Specific treatments are given for nosebleeds (10.35–41), bleeding from the mouth (10.42–50), raktātisāra (10.77–79), and bleeding from the female genitals (yonipravāha; 10.80–82).

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Chapter eleven deals with arśas (haemorrhoids) and distinguishes five types, caused by each of the three doṣas, all three doṣas, and blood, to which a sixth, congenital (sahaja) type is added.²⁷⁷ Polypous growths, or warts, subsumed under arśas, are mentioned as occurring in the nasal cavities, ears, oral cavity, and corners of the eyes (11.19).²⁷⁸

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Chapter twelve is concerned with cough (kāsa; 12.1–45) and vomiting (chardi; 12.46–76). Eight types of kāsa are described: three types caused by one doṣa, one type each by vāta and pitta, kapha and pitta, saṃnipāta, blood, and kṣaya; a traumatic (kṣataja) type is added to this series (12.5–8).²⁷⁹ Vomiting is characterized as either snigdha or rūkṣa (12.56);²⁸⁰ five types are mentioned, caused by vāta, pitta, kapha, saṃnipāta, and parasites (krimi).²⁸¹

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Chapter thirteen is about tṛṣṇā (thirst) and tāluśoṣa (desiccation of the palate). Eight types of thirst are mentioned: brought about by vāta, pitta, kapha, of traumatic origin (kṣataja), caused by kṣaya, ajīrṇa (indigestion), dry foods (rūkṣasevana), and fever (13.1–3); types added to this series are caused by saṃnipāta (13.7), atisāra, and śūla (13.11).²⁸² The therapy of tāluśoṣa is described (13.26–36), while its aetiology and symptoms are omitted.²⁸³

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Chapter fourteen treats mūrchā (fainting) and some related disorders. The pathogenesis of this disease is described as an occlusion of the apertures (dvāra) of the five sets of twelve vessels (nāḍikā) of the five sense organs, resulting in a sudden loss of consciousness (saṃjñānāśa). Six types of the disorder, also called moha, are distinguished, caused by vāta, pitta, kapha, blood, trauma (abhighāta), and alcoholic drinks (madya) or poison (14.1–6).²⁸⁴ Two more varieties, brought about by saṃnipāta and kṣaya, are referred to (14.13 and 15–16). Related disorders mentioned in this chapter are bhrama (giddiness), caused by pitta and vāta, tandrā, caused by vāta and kapha, and nidrā (sleepiness), caused by kapha, vāta and tamas (14–17).²⁸⁵

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Chapter fifteen deals with nidrānāśa (insomnia).²⁸⁶

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Chapter sixteen discusses disorders resulting from the abuse of alcohol (madātyaya; 16.1–12) and some related illnesses. Alcoholic drinks are considered to be beneficial in certain cases, whereas their abuse is scorned. Four varieties of madātyaya are acknowledged, associated with vāta, pitta, kapha, and saṃnipāta.²⁸⁷ Disorders related to madātyaya and called mūrchā, moha or mada, caused by toxic plant products, are dealt with at the end of the chapter.²⁸⁸ Plants yielding these toxic substances are halinī,²⁸⁹ karavīra,²⁹⁰ madayantikā,²⁹¹ mohinī,²⁹² pūga,²⁹³ and unspecified bulbous plants (16.13–18). Worthy of attention is the absence of opium.

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Chapter seventeen is about dāha (a burning sensation).²⁹⁴ A separate chapter on this disorder, absent from the Carakasamhitā, Suśrutasamhitā and Vāgbhaṭa's works, forms part of the Mādhavanidāna (19), where it also follows upon the chapter on madātyaya. The types of dāha, described in the Suśrutasamhitā, are absent from the Hāritasamhitā.²⁹⁵

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Chapter eighteen describes apasmāra (epilepsy) and its treatment. The verses on its pathogenesis (samprāpti), not very clear, ascribe it to the actions of a series of excited doṣas, namely vāta, pitta, udāna, and prāṇa (18.1–5). Types are not distinguished.²⁹⁶

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Chapter nineteen is about unmāda (insanity). The types mentioned are those caused

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by one doṣa, a combination of two doṣas, the three doṣas, and poison (19.1–2);²⁹⁷ descriptions of these types are absent. Intense emotions are recognized as factors contributing to the appearance of mental disorders (19.3–6).²⁹⁸ Possession is not referred to at all in this short chapter, exclusively devoted to insanity brought about by natural causes.²⁹⁹ The therapy of unmāda is said to be the same as that of apasmāra; the chapter on bhūtavidyā (III.55) is referred to for specific treatments (19.7).

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Chapter twenty is devoted to vāta diseases. The total number of these diseases is said to be eighty-four, in contrast with the usual number of eighty (20.1).³⁰⁰ The five kinds of vāta are mentioned, followed by lists of the disorders they give rise to. Sixteen disorders affecting the head, caused by excitement of prāṇa, accompanied by pitta, are enumerated: śiraḥśūla, karṇaśūla, śaṅkhaśūla, asṛggada, ardhaśirṣavikāra, dinavṛddhisamudbhava(roga), nāsikapadrava, hanugraha, jihvāstambha, tāluśūla, tamaka, bhrama, tandrā, śvāsa, and galaroga (20.4–6ab).³⁰¹ Udāna, accompanied by kapha, gives rise to the following sixteen disorders: hikkā, śvāsa, parīśvāsa,³⁰² kāsa, śoṣārti, ghaṇṭikā,³⁰³ hṛllāsa, hṛcchūla, yakṛt, vātavami,³⁰⁴ kṣavathu, jṛmbhaṇa, vaisvarya,³⁰⁵ pīnasa, aruci, and pratiśyāya (20.7–9).³⁰⁶ Vyāna causes disorders affecting the whole body (sarvāṅgaka), the symptoms of which vary according to the bodily element chiefly affected (20.10–14); the disorders caused by samāna are summarily described (20.15–17); these two groups are listed later on (20.31–34).

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The chapter proceeds with the description of ākṣepaka, caused by vyāna,³⁰⁷ and apatantraka;³⁰⁸ the latter disease, called apratānaka by others,³⁰⁹ presents a number of varieties, called daṇḍāpratānaka,³¹⁰ snāyupratānaka,³¹¹ pratānaka,³¹² abhighātasamudbhava,³¹³ and asthisandhiṃsuṣkaka³¹⁴ (20.18–26ab). The verses that follow are about four diseases: ekāṅgika,³¹⁵ pakṣaghāta,³¹⁶ tūnī, and pratitūnī³¹⁷ (20.26cd–30). The description of the disorders caused by the five kinds of vāta is resumed with a reference to twice sixteen of them brought about by vyāna, some of which are mentioned: hṛtstambha, pṛṣṭastambha, ūrustambha, and gṛdhrasī (20.31–32). The sixteen disorders caused by samāna are: śūla, gulma, udāvarta, ādhmāna, udāvarta again, pariṇāma, viṣamāgni, ajīrṇa, vātagulmaka, parikledī, rasaśeṣa, rasa, malavālaka, bandhī, bhedī, and vilāsī (20.33–34).³¹⁸ The sixteen disorders caused by apāna are: bhagandara, bastiśūla, meha, arśas, atikoṭhaka, the two liṅgadoṣas, gudabhraṃśa, gudaśūlaka, mūtrarodha, and viḍrodha (20.35–36).³¹⁹ Some disorders arising from a combination of doṣas are added: vāta and pitta together bring about dāha, samtāpa, śoṣa, and mūrchā; vāta and kapha together produce śaitya, śopha, aruci, and jāḍya (20.37–38ab).

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The last vāta disease described is ardita (facial paresis); three types are distinguished, brought about by vāta, vāta and pitta, vāta and kapha.³²⁰

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Many vāta diseases which are described by Caraka, Suśruta and Vāgbhaṭa are not characterized in this chapter of the Hāritasamhitā.³²¹

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Chapter twenty-one, devoted to āmavāta, is noteworthy, since the early samhitās do not deal with this disease. The Mādhavanidāna describes its aetiology and symptomatology in a separate chapter,³²² the Mādhavacikitsā³²³ and later treatises describe its treatment. The Hāritasamhitā distinguishes four types of āmavāta: viṣṭambhin, gulmakṛt or gulmāma, snehin āmavāta, and pakvāma, to which a fifth type, sarvāṅgāma, is added (21.5–21).³²⁴

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Chapter twenty-two is about gṛdhrasī (sciatica), a disease usually described among the vāta diseases.³²⁵ The Hāritasamhitā may be the only treatise devoting a separate chapter to it. The varieties described and their doṣic involvement are remarkable too. The variety called koṣṭhaśirṣikā, brought about by vāta and blood, presents a painful swelling of the knees;³²⁶ the second variety is gṛdhrasī sensu stricto; the third variety, called pādaharṣa,³²⁷ is either connected with kapha and vāta or with pitta and vāta (22.1–6ab).

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Chapter twenty-three describes vātarakta and its treatment. Special types and doṣic varieties are not distinguished.³²⁸

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Chapter twenty-four, on amlapitta, is of importance in acknowledging this disease as a distinct entity. Caraka, Suśruta and Vāgbhaṭa do not regard amlapitta as a separate disorder, but it is described as such in the Kāśyapasamhitā and Mādhavanidāna,³²⁹ while the Mādhavacikitsā has a chapter on its treatment. Hāritasamhitā and Mādhavanidāna distinguish an upwards and a downwards moving type; the doṣic varieties of the Mādhavanidāna are not mentioned in the Hāritasamhitā.

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Chapter twenty-five, on śopha (swelling, especially of inflammatory origin), does not present a clear classification. Types caused by one of more doṣas and by blood are mentioned, as well as types caused by kṣaya, kṣata (trauma), and other disorders; varieties affecting the upper, middle and lower part of the body, or the whole body, are referred to (25.1–10).³³⁰

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Chapter twenty-six is the second chapter of the Cikitsitasthāna on gulma, a disease also discussed in chapter four. Five doṣic varieties are described, caused by vāta, pitta and kapha singly, pitta and kapha together, and samnipāta (26.1–8).³³¹ A type caused by blood and occurring exclusively in women, described by Caraka, Suśruta and Vāgbhaṭa, is referred to in a prescription (26.71–72) that does not make clear whether it was thought to be a gynaecological disorder. A type due to blood is moreover mentioned, together with a gulma of traumatic origin (kṣataja), in some stanzas on wholesome foods and drinks (pathya) in cases of gulma. Verses on the treatment of śopha are included in this chapter (26.62–70).

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Chapter twenty-seven describes jalodara (ascites). Varieties are not mentioned, nor the involvement of the doṣas in this disease. The group of disorders called udara, to which jalodara belongs in āyurvedic literature,³³² is absent from the Hāritasamhitā. The surgical treatment of jalodara by means of a tube (jalanāḍī), through which the fluid accumulated in the abdominal cavity can be removed, is known to the Hāritasamhitā and considered to be a dangerous procedure (27.4–9).³³³

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Chapter twenty-eight, on prameha (urinary disorders), agrees with the other major treatises in mentioning twenty types of this disease (28.1).³³⁴ In contrast with the early samhitās, the Hāritasamhitā does not specify which types are associated with each of the three doṣas; it refers to involvement of pitta and kapha, but omits vāta in the aetiology of prameha. Not all the twenty types of prameha are characterized or mentioned in prescriptions. Types discussed in the chapter are ghṛta- or sarpir-, jala-, khaṭikā-, lavaṇa-, madhu-, pūya-, rakta- or rudhira-, rasa-, śarkarā-, śukra-, takra-, and vasāmeha. Names peculiar to the Hāritasamhitā are khaṭikāmeha,³³⁵ pūyameha,³³⁶ rasameha, and

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takrameha.³³⁷ Unusual too is the term mūtraprameha (28.45).³³⁸ The chapter also describes the treatment of the pramehapiṭikās (28.26–35ab), without dealing with their names and characteristics;³³⁹ disorders mentioned in these verses are somapāka (28.33) and mehapāka (28.35ab).³⁴⁰

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Chapter twenty-nine describes the treatment of mūtraṛcchra without giving attention to its aetiology and symptoms. Chapter thirty contains verses on the therapy of mūtra(ni)rodha (retention of urine), the nidāna of mūtraṛcchra, and the treatment of mūtraṛcchra and mūtra(ni)rodha.³⁴¹

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Chapter thirty-one describes aśmarī (vesical calculi) and its treatment. Some varieties are described without clearly delineating their origins and symptoms. Abnormal behaviour during sexual intercourse appears to be an important aetiological factor. Vāta and blood are involved too.³⁴² Śarkarā (urinary gravel) is referred to as a curable disorder of childhood.³⁴³ Surgical treatment is said to be described in the ghṛtādhyāya of the Sūtrasthāna.³⁴⁴

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Chapter thirty-two is about vṛṣaṇavṛddhi or aṇḍavṛddhi (swelling of the scrotum). Four doṣic types are mentioned, caused by vāta, pitta, kapha, and samnipāta.³⁴⁵

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Chapter thirty-three on visarpa (erysipelas) distinguishes eight types, originating from one doṣa, two doṣas, blood, and samnipāta.³⁴⁶ The types connected with two doṣas, called ājñeya, granthika and kardama, are caused by vāta and pitta, pitta and kapha, vāta and kapha respectively.³⁴⁷

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Chapter thirty-four is remarkable in describing a group of four diseases, collectively called upasarga, which means that they are regarded as infectious.³⁴⁸ Vāta and blood are thought to be involved in the causation of these disorders. The group consists of kṣudraka, antaka, ghora, and masūrikā. Kṣudraka, caused by pitta and blood, occurs in the season of spring and is characterized by pustules which resemble burns (agnidagdhavat). Masūrikā is a disease with pustules which are round (vartula), like masūrikā (lentils); the pustules become festering and disappear within a short time (34.1–6). The verses on the treatment of these diseases begin with the advice to employ secret protective rituals (guptākāra rakṣāyogavidhāna) and to avoid contact with people belonging to the lower classes (34.7). Prescriptions against kṣudraka and ghora follow (34.8–17). The chapter proceeds with the description of an infectious fever (upasargajvara) with haematuria (raktamūtra) and diarrhoea (34.18–21). The chapter ends with counsels suitable in all cases of upasarga, now called kṣudrikā, and with rituals to be performed after recovery (34.22–26).

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Chapter thirty-five, on ulcers (vraṇa), describes types associated with one doṣa, two doṣas, and samnipāta.³⁴⁹ Nāḍīvraṇas (fistules) are referred to (35.1–9).³⁵⁰ The verses on treatment prescribe ointments and lotions; surgical treatment is a neglected topic (35.10–27).

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Chapter thirty-six describes ślīpada (elephantiasis) and its four types, connected with vāta, pitta, kapha, and samnipāta.³⁵¹ A type affecting the fatty tissue (medas) in particular is called vālmīka (36.1–4ab).³⁵² The treatment of ślīpada is the same as that of vraṇa. The presence of a separate chapter on ślīpada in the Hāritasamhitā is a remarkable feature, in line with the Mādhavanidāna, which also deals with it separately.

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Chapter thirty-seven may be unique in āyurvedic literature in being entirely devoted to arbuda, a local swelling of relatively large size. 353 Four varieties are described, arising from vāta, pitta, kapha, and samnipāta. 354

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Chapter thirty-eight describes two diseases, gaṇḍamālā and lūtā(vraṇa). 355 Four varieties of gaṇḍamālā are distinguished, brought about by vāta, pitta, kapha, and samnipāta (38.1–3). This is a unique feature, since gaṇḍamālā is not divided into a number of varieties in any other medical treatise. 356 The disorder called lūtā is described as a deep ulcer (vraṇa) with a purulent discharge (pūyavisrāva) (38.1–16), while some small animal, the lūtā, is supposed to live inside (38.17–20). 357 Seven kinds of lūtā are distinguished and characterized with regard to their form, colour and location: rohiṇī, viśadā, vijayā, (vi)bhedinī, kāntārī, vajrapuṣpā, and indrāyudhā (38.4–16). The treatment of lūtā(vraṇa) aims at curing the ulcer and killing the animal inside (38.17–23). The therapy of gaṇḍamālā is referred to in passing, together with an otherwise unknown disease called prakaṇṭaka (38.18).

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Chapter thirty-nine is devoted to kuṣṭha. As usual in āyurvedic treatises, eighteen types are referred to (39.3), but these are not divided into two large groups. 358 The list with the types of kuṣṭha comprises only fourteen items: kapālaka, 359 udumbara, dadrumaṇḍala(ka), visarpa(ka), hastibala, 360 kiṇa, gojihvaka, (lohita)maṇḍala, vaipādika, 361 carmadala, visphoṭaka, bahuvraṇa, kaṇḍū, and vicarcī 362 (39.5–6). Two more types are referred to in the verses on treatment: citrakuṣṭha (39.59) or citraka (39.54), and pāmā (39.47 and 49); the two remaining types are not mentioned in the chapter. Hārīta's visarpaka, hastibala or gajacarman, kiṇa, gojihvaka and kaṇḍū do not occur in the lists found in other works; the nature of visarpaka remains unclear, but gajacarman is the equivalent of what is commonly called carmakuṣṭha, 363 kind of kiṭima, 364 gojihvaka of ṛṣyajihvaka, 365 bahuvraṇa of śatāruṣka, 366 kaṇḍū of alasaka. 367 Kuṣṭha types mentioned in many āyurvedic texts and absent from the Hārītasamhitā are ekakuṣṭha, kākaṇaka, puṇḍarīka, rakasā, sidhma, sthūlāruṣka, and śvitra. 368

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Twelve among the fourteen types listed in the Hārītasamhitā are characterized (39. 7–12); the characteristics of kiṇa and carmadala are omitted. Signs brought about by the doṣas are enumerated, as well as the symptoms when one of the seven bodily elements is chiefly affected (39.13–18). The remaining part of the chapter is concerned with treatment.

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Chapter forty is the first of a series of chapters belonging to the division of āyurveda called śālākya and describes diseases of the head (śiroroga). Types distinguished are those caused by vāta, pitta, kapha, blood (rakta), vāta and rakta, samnipāta, and parasites (krimi); 369 pitta is thought to be the chief causative agent. Additional diseases of the head are ardhaśīrṣa 370 and dinavṛddhikara 371 (40.1–3). Absent are anantavāta 372 and śaṅkhaka. 373 Upaśīrṣaka 374 is mentioned in the verses on treatment.

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Chapter forty-one describes a disease that is peculiar to the Hārītasamhitā. This disease, called bhrūdoṣa, is caused by excessive reading and looking at minute or distant objects. Vāta, pitta and blood are involved in it. The disorder is characterized by pains in the region of the eyebrows (bhrū) and eye complaints (41.1–3).

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Chapter forty-two is about diseases of the nose (nāsāroga), caused by one of the doṣas, blood, and parasites (krimi). 375

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Chapter forty-three constitutes the only example known in āyurvedic literature of

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a chapter entirely devoted to indralupta (baldness), also called khallāṭaka. 376 Five varieties are mentioned, caused by vāta, pitta, kapha, blood, and samnipāta. 377

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Chapter forty-four is concerned with diseases of the ears (karṇaroga). Types distinguished are those caused by one of the three doṣas, a combination of two doṣas, all three doṣas, parasites (krimi), ulcers (vraṇa), a trauma (abhighāta), a wound (kṣata), and lūtīdoṣa. A type occurring in childhood is mentioned as well (44.1–6). Karṇaśūla is referred to in the verses on treatment (44.11). 378

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Chapter forty-five deals with eye diseases (netraroga), distinguished into types arising from vāta, pitta, kapha, blood, two doṣas, and all three doṣas (45.1–5). 379 Four types of inflammation (puṣpa) are described, caused by vāta, pitta, kapha, and samnipāta (45. 14–18). Specific eye diseases mentioned in passing are timira, kaṇḍū, paṭala, arbuda, rātryandhya (45.20), kāca, and nīlikā 380 as well as disorders caused by wounds (kṣata), a trauma (abhighāta), grief, and burns (45.21). Five varieties of cataract (paṭala) are characterized, associated with vāta, pitta, kapha, blood, and samnipāta. 381

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Chapter forty-six, the last one on śālākya, describes the diseases of the oral cavity (mukharoga). Diseases of the lips (oṣṭharoga) are attributed to vāta, pitta and blood (46.1–4), 382 diseases of the teeth to vāta, pitta, kapha, blood and parasites (46.5–8), 383 diseases of the tongue to vāta, pitta, kapha, blood and samnipāta (46.17–25), 384 a disease of the uvula or larynx (ghaṇṭikā) to kapha (46.26), a disease of the root of the tongue and pharynx (kaṇṭhasandhi) to kapha and blood (46.27–28ab); bleeding from a granthi in the throat is also referred to (46.28cd–30ab). 385 The chapter ends with a description of galaśuṇḍikā and its treatment (46.33–39). 386

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Chapter forty-seven is about vājīkaraṇa (aphrodisiacs). Several types of klaibya (impotence) are described without an adequate characterization. Types mentioned are those caused by suppression of the sexual urge (nirodha), excessive intercourse (ativayāya), old age (vayas), mental disorders (the mānasa type), deficiency of the semen (retaḥkṣaya), and a constitutional abnormality (sahaja). 387

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Chapter forty-eight, the first of a series on gynaecology and obstetrics, 388 deals with infertility (vandhyātva) in women. Six types are distinguished: one type caused by intercourse before puberty, four types called kākavandhyā, anapatyā, garbhasrāvi, and mṛtavatsā, and one type caused by weakness (balakṣaya, dhātukṣaya) (48.1–8). 389 Characteristics of these types are not given. 390 Doṣic types of infertility are also described (48.13–25). 391

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Chapter forty-nine describes dietary rules during the ten months of pregnancy (garbhopacāra) 392 and the handling of the longings of pregnant women (dohada). 393

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Chapter fifty is about the treatment of abortion, immature and premature birth (calitagarbha), which may occur during the first to eighth months of pregnancy. Chapter fifty-one describes the treatment of eight disorders occurring during pregnancy: hṛllāsa (nausea), chardi (vomiting), śoṣa (emaciation), jvara, śotha, aruci, vivarṇatva (an abnormal colour of the shun), and atisāra (51.1). 394 Additional disorders mentioned are vibandha, vidradhi, mūtrarodha (51.10–11), and garbhacāla (abortion) (51.12).

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Chapter fifty-two is concerned with mūdhagarbha (malposition of the foetus) (51. 5–8) 395 and mṛtagarbha (death of the foetus) (51.9–10). 396 Varieties of mūdhagarbha associated with one, two and three doṣas are described (52.1–8), as well as disorders caused by blood and pitta (52.15). Mūḍhagarba is treated with drugs and by means of surgical procedures (52.11–17).³⁹⁷ The chapter contains some prescriptions assuring a safe delivery (52.18–21),³⁹⁸ and two mantras having the same end in view (52.22–23 and 26–28); a yantra is also described (52.24–25).³⁹⁹ One of the mantras refers to a Rākṣasī, called Surasā, living in the Himālayas, the sound of whose ankle bells (nūpura) guarantees an uncomplicated parturition.

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Chapter fifty-three describes the regimen of a woman in childbed (sūtikopacāra),⁴⁰⁰ some rituals to be performed on behalf of the child are also mentioned: jātaka (= jātakarman),⁴⁰¹ nāmakarman,⁴⁰² karṇavedhana,⁴⁰³ vastrabandha,⁴⁰⁴ and vivāha (the marriage ceremonies) (53.6–7).⁴⁰⁵

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Chapter fifty-four deals with children’s diseases (bālaroga). The child’s health may be affected by five disorders of the breastmilk (kṣīradoṣa): ghana-, uṣṇa-, amla-, alpa-, and kṣāraksīra (54.1–7).⁴⁰⁶ One of these, ghanakṣīra, may give rise to the disease called utphullikā or utphullakukṣitā (54.3 and 9–13).⁴⁰⁷ The chapter proceeds with verses on a long series of ailments that may occur in children and their treatment (54.14–30). The last part of the chapter describes disorders caused by the attacks of female demons (Pūtanā) and the appropriate rituals to appease them (54.31–54).⁴⁰⁸ The verses on this subject, which may be quoted from a Kaumārātantra, mention two series of eight of these malignant beings, who seize a child on the first to eighth day of its life. Their names are Lohitā, Revatī, Vāyasī, Kumārī, Śākunī, Śivā, Urdhvakeśī, and Senā, or Rohiṇī, Vijayā, Kālī, Kṛttikā, Ḍākinī,⁴⁰⁹ Niśā, Bhūtakeśī, and Kṛṣāṅgī.⁴¹⁰ The second series of names is absent from the verses on treatment.

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Chapter fifty-five is concerned with bhūtavidyā (demonology)⁴¹¹ and describes malignant beings (graha) able to cause possession syndromes (āveśa). Ten of these beings,⁴¹² called grahanāyaka, are mentioned, together with the symptoms, both physical and mental, they bring about (55.2–18): Aindra, Āgneya, Yama, Nairṛta, Vāruṇa, Māruta, Kubera or Yakṣarāj, Aiśānya, Grahaka, and Paiśācika. The treatment of the disorders caused by these grahas is of a mixed character and consists of drugs, rituals, and mantras (55.19–28).

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Poisons and the treatment of poisoning (viṣatantra) constitute the subject of chapter fifty-six. Eight kinds of poison of vegetable origin are described: śṛṅgika, vatsanābha, śṛṅgavera or śārṅgavairika, dāraka, kālakūṭa, satsukanduka, and hālāhala, which can be distinguished by their colour (56.1–5ab).⁴¹³ The treatment of poisoning consists of the administration of drugs, accompanied by mantras (56.5cd–17). Eight types of poisonous animals are listed, together with the symptoms caused by their bites: darvīkara, maṇḍalin, rājimant, guṇḍāsa, vṛścika, goraka, khaṇḍabinduka, and a group consisting of alarka, mūṣa and mārjāra (56.18–24). The treatment is of a composite character (56.25–31).⁴¹⁴

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Chapter fifty-seven deals with surgical subjects and describes wounds and fractures, together with their treatment (57.1–13). Eight types of trauma are distinguished: chinna, bhinna, bhagna, ghṛṣṭa, piṣṭa, āsphālita, samprahāra, and saṃghāta.⁴¹⁵ The removal of foreign bodies (śalyoddhāra) is the next subject (57.14–28). Two sets of twelve surgical instruments are enumerated. The twelve blunt instruments (yantra) are: prabandha (bandages), godhāmukha,⁴¹⁶ vajramukha,⁴¹⁷ saṃdamśa,⁴¹⁸ cakrā-

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kṛti,⁴¹⁹ kaṅkapāda,⁴²⁰ ānaka,⁴²¹ śṛṅgaka,⁴²² kuṇḍala,⁴²³ śrīvatsa,⁴²⁴ sauvatsika,⁴²⁵ and pañcavaktra;⁴²⁶ the twelve sharp instruments (śastra) are: ardhacandra,⁴²⁷ vrīhimukha,⁴²⁸ kaṅkapatra,⁴²⁹ kuthārikā,⁴³⁰ karavīrakapattra,⁴³¹ śalākākārapattra,⁴³² baḍiśa,⁴³³ gṛdhrapāda,⁴³⁴ śūlin,⁴³⁵ and ghanamudgara⁴³⁶ (57.16–20).⁴³⁷ The remaining part of the chapter (57.29–46) is about the treatment of fractures (bhagna) and wounds.

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Chapter fifty-eight describes burns caused by cauterization (agNidagdha) and their treatment. Four types are distinguished: iṣaddagdha, madhyadagdha, atidagdha, and samyagdagdha (58.1–5ab).⁴³⁸ The chapter ends with a verse on the treatment of a complication (upaghāta) resulting from the injudicious employment of smoking (dhūmapāna) for medicinal purposes.

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⁴³⁸ ...

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Chapter one of the Sūtrasthāna is on weights and measures (tulāmāna). Two systems are described; the first system resembles the kāliṅga, the second the māgadhamāna.⁴³⁹ The average quantities to be prescribed of a series of medicinal substances are mentioned.

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⁴³⁹ ...

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Chapter two is about the different types of medicated oils and their indications (tailapākavidhi). Four types of preparation are distinguished: khara-, cikkaṇa-, madhya-, and viśoṣipāka.⁴⁴⁰

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Chapter three is about the application of medicated clysters (nirūhabastikarman).⁴⁴¹

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Chapter four, about sudation (svedana) and its indications, mentions seven types: loṣṭa-, bāṣpa-,⁴⁴² agnijvālā-, ghaṭī-,⁴⁴³ jala-,⁴⁴⁴ phala-, and vālukāsveda.⁴⁴⁵ This list differs from a previous one with thirteen items (III.2.142–145).

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Chapter five describes four methods of bloodletting (raktāvasecana): venesection (śirāvirecana), drawing of blood by means of gourds (alābu), horns (śṛṅga), and leeches (jalaukā) (5.1–4).⁴⁴⁶ The chapter ends with a verse on the characteristics of corrupted blood (5.5).

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Chapter six describes the drawing of blood by means of leeches. Four kinds of leeches are distinguished: indrāyudhā, rohiṇī, kālikā, and dhūmrā.⁴⁴⁷ The dhūmrā leech is the only one that can safely be applied by physicians.

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Chapter one of the Kalpasthāna describes the mythical origin, tastes, and other properties of harītakī. Seven varieties are distinguished: vijayā, rohiṇī, pūtanā, amṛtā, cetakī, abhayā, and jīvantī. The appearance, colour, location, and uses of each variety are enumerated.⁴⁴⁸ The subject is resumed in chapter three.

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Chapter two is about the uses of triphalā.⁴⁴⁹

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⁴⁴⁹ ...

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Chapter three (harītakīkalpavarṇanabheda) continues the discussion of the varieties of harītakī and their uses. Two varieties of cetakī, a black and a white one, are distinguished.⁴⁵⁰

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⁴⁵⁰ ...

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Chapter four (rasonakalpa) is concerned with the mythical origin, properties and uses of garlic (rasona, laśuna).⁴⁵¹ Garlic owes its origin to some drops of the amṛta, fallen from the beak of Garuḍa, who stole a portion of it during the churning of the ocean. It is described as a rejuvenating substance, forbidden to brāhmaṇas.

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⁴⁵¹ ...

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Chapter five describes guggulu and its uses.⁴⁵² This substance is said to derive from trees growing in desert regions (marubhūmi) and in the Himālayas. It should be collected in deserts in summer and in the mountains in winter.

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⁴⁵² ...

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The only chapter of the Śārīrasthāna treats subjects usually discussed in a Śārīrasthāna, but its main emphasis is on embryology. The human body is said to be composed of the five mahābhūtas, five sense organs, seven elements (dhātu), ten kinds of vāta⁴⁵³ (1), and three guṇas (2); the three guṇas are jīva, manas and ākāśa.⁴⁵⁴ The four stages of the human life cycle are called bāla, praudha, pragalbhaka, and sthavira (3).⁴⁵⁵ Verses on female physiology introduce the section on embryology. A series of factors are enumerated which result in the experience of sexual pleasure during intercourse: dhātubala gives rise to sattva, sattva to rajas, rajas to kāma (the sexual urge), kāma to surata (orgasm) (7). Menstruation (ṛtu) takes place during the first seven days of each cycle;⁴⁵⁶ after this period a woman is called ṛtumatī (8–9). Conception is the result of the union of the male semen (bīja) and female rajas; both fluids are a form of śukra or retas (16). The male and female roles in conception are compared to those of Śiva and his Śakti (14–15).⁴⁵⁷

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The embryological development is sketched in some detail (17–23). The stages described differ considerably from those found in other works.⁴⁵⁸ The birth of a boy or a girl is ascribed to a preponderance of either the male semen or the female rajas (26–27). The child born will be of a sāttvika, rājasa or tāmasa character, depending on the emotional state of the mother during impregnation (28–30). A series of constitutional characteristics is enumerated which are partly the same as those of the constitutions described in a previous chapter (I.5); the series of constitutions (prakṛti) of the Śārīrasthāna is remarkable, even unique, in including those brought about by the dominance of a combination of vāta and rakta, pitta and rakta, and kapha and rakta (31–36).⁴⁵⁹ Some subsequent verses (37–40) are about the conditions leading to the birth of a non-male-non-female (napuṃsaka) and the birth of twins (yamala). The remaining part of the chapter gives a second sketch of the development of the embryo, different from the preceding one, and a detailed account of the origin of the physical and mental components of the human organism, in which the various kinds of vāta, the mahābhūtas and the three guṇas (sattva, rajas, tamas) have a predominant role. The account disagrees in many respects with what is found in the other saṃhitās.⁴⁶⁰

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The pāriśiṣṭādhyāya, not present in the all MSS⁴⁶¹ and by some regarded as a later addition to the Hārītasaṃhitā,⁴⁶² refers to the Śārīrasthāna as embodying the teachings of Vyāsa. After listening to it, Hārīta went to the river Ganges (Svarṇadī) in order to bathe and meditate.

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Those studying the śāstra, i.e. āyurveda, are said to enjoy health and to be delivered from all sins. The āyurveda, as venerable as a Veda, has originally been expounded by Brahmā, subsequently by Atri, as well as by Dhanvantari and the Aśvins. Other experts acquainted with it were Caraka, Suśruta and Vāgbhaṭa. The saṃhitā of Atri was authoritative in the Kṛtayuga, Suśruta’s work in the Dvāpara, and Vāgbhaṭa’s treatise in the Kaliyuga. Medical saṃhitās were also composed by Viṣṇu, the Aśvins, Garga, Mādhyāhnika,⁴⁶³ and Mārkaṇḍeya. The six (medical) sages are Agniveśa, Bheḍa, Jatūkarṇa, Parāśara, Hārīta, and Kṣirapāṇi. The foremost authority, however, is Ātreya, whose position is equal to Ananta (i.e., Śeṣa) among the serpents and Śambhu among the gods.

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Names of medicinal plants mentioned in the Hārītasaṃhitā that are absent from the

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Bṛhattrayī are: ālūsaka (I.16.16),⁴⁶⁴ arikā (III.2.61),⁴⁶⁵ aṣṭahalī (III.2.96),⁴⁶⁶ balādanī (I.16.14),⁴⁶⁷ bhīru (III.47.16 and 52.19),⁴⁶⁸ bhīruka (III.18.14),⁴⁶⁹ bhīrukā (III.48.28),⁴⁷⁰ bīla (III.51.8),⁴⁷¹ cāpamardaka (I.16.16),⁴⁷² cāriṇī (III.28.19),⁴⁷³ cavilā (III.12.43), dāraka (III.56.2 and 3), dhara (III.4.25),⁴⁷⁴ gajabalā (III.2.126), gavādanī (III.18.24),⁴⁷⁵ gavāstanī (III.12.32),⁴⁷⁶ guruvṛkṣaka (II.7.2),⁴⁷⁷ hastikanda (I.16.34 and 39),⁴⁷⁸ indrā (III.28.15),⁴⁷⁹ kaithaka (III.18.26),⁴⁸⁰ kañcaṭa (III.20.86), kaṇḍū (I.15.14),⁴⁸¹ kaṇṭaka (III.33.11),⁴⁸² kaphādanī (I.16.13),⁴⁸³ karaha (I.17.5 and 8),⁴⁸⁴ kaṭāhaka (I.17.12),⁴⁸⁵ kokilāhvaya (III.7.56),⁴⁸⁶ kokilākhyā (III.40.17),⁴⁸⁷ koṭaja (III.2.116),⁴⁸⁸ kuberākṣa (III.7.58),⁴⁸⁹ kumbhā (III.2.61),⁴⁹⁰ kumedhikā (III.18.9),⁴⁹¹ kuṇḍalī (III.2.54; 3.92),⁴⁹² mācīkā (III.6.35),⁴⁹³ māda (I.19.4),⁴⁹⁴ mahācāvala (I.5. 55),⁴⁹⁵ mahāṭpicumaṇḍa (III.11.53),⁴⁹⁶ mahāvibhītaka (III.45.28), mallī (III.11.95),⁴⁹⁷ methikā (I.16.8),⁴⁹⁸ mohinī (III.16.17),⁴⁹⁹ murāmāṃsī (III.9.98; 21.29),⁵⁰⁰ nāgavallī (I.17.29),⁵⁰¹ nṛttaka (III.31.9),⁵⁰² palāśabheda (III.54.17),⁵⁰³ payadantī (III.11.31),⁵⁰⁴ rudrajaṭā (III.10.66),⁵⁰⁵ śakrāhva (III.2.66; 28.20),⁵⁰⁶ śaṇaghaṇṭikā (III.18.35),⁵⁰⁷ śārṅgavairika (III.56.1),⁵⁰⁸ śārṅgavera (III.56.3),⁵⁰⁹ saṭsakanduka (III.56.2 and 4),⁵¹⁰ siṃhamukhī (III.15.5),⁵¹¹ śitāśivā (III.43.5),⁵¹² sitāvarṣā (II.7.3),⁵¹³ śṛṭaka (III.18.14),⁵¹⁴ suparṇā (III.5.30), suparṇikā (III.15.6),⁵¹⁵ sūryakānti (III.52.18),⁵¹⁶ śvetādrikarṇī (III.48.21), tāmbūlaparṇa (I.16.33),⁵¹⁷ tantuka (III.2.103),⁵¹⁸ tulasī (III.2.136; 4.35; 12.36), tulasikā (III.12.33), tuṇḍī (I.16.17),⁵¹⁹ tuṇḍīra (I.16.23),⁵²⁰ tuṇḍīraka (III.6.35; 11.108), vālmīkā (I.17.2),⁵²¹ vanakesara (III.9.97),⁵²² vāstukarṇī (III.52.14),⁵²³ vasudhā (III.10.52),⁵²⁴ vāsumantī (III.18.25),⁵²⁵ vejīkā (I.16.8),⁵²⁶ vikacā (III.6.19),⁵²⁷ vṛddhadhantī (III.18.25),⁵²⁸ and yugandhara (I.11.6; 23.3).⁵²⁹

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Mercury may be mentioned once (III.55.21: pārada).

Cites (10)