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A History of Indian Medical Literature v3.c43.s24: Kālidāsa

A History of Indian Medical Literature v3.c43.s24

Language
English

Contents

Kālidāsa

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Kālidāsa was the author of (1) Vaidyamanoramā, (2) Dhārākalpa, and (3) Rasasārasamcaya.662

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(1) The Vaidyamanoramā663 is a concise compendium on therapeutics. The work consists of about 660 verses and a number of prose passages,664 arranged in twenty chapters (paṭala). The verses are written in various metres and their language is simple, but often poetical, and full of similes drawn from mythology.665 The treatise is only concerned with therapy.666 It contains mostly short prescriptions; complicated formulae are rare.667

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The pattern at the base of the arrangement of the diseases is not clear, but may have been influenced by Vāgbhaṭa; chapters one to twelve are devoted to kāyacikitsā and śalya, thirteen is about gynaecology, fourteen about paediatrics, fifteen is devoted to bhūtavidyā, sixteen to śālākya and śalya, seventeen to various disorders, eighteen to guhyaroga, nineteen to viṣa, and twenty to rasāyana and vājīkaraṇa.

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The materia medica is mainly of the classical āyurvedic type, mercurial and metallic preparations being rare, but Kālidāsa added a large amount of religious and magical procedures to his therapeutic armamentarium.668 Some recipes which are designated as secret may be regarded as Tantric elements,669 as well as the mention of the Iḍā and Piṅgalā (19.6).

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Kālidāsa does not refer to his sources670 and he is not quoted by later authors.671

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Chapter two, dealing with raktapitta and asṛgdara, includes some verses on asthisrāva672 and somaroga (11–13), diseases said to be characteristic of women and men respectively, which is surprising since somaroga is always described as occurring in women only. Chapter six is remarkable on account of its insistence on the importance of kapharaktātisāra (4.6–7 and 9)673 and kapharaktapravāhaṇa (10–12).674 Among the verses of the same chapter devoted to pravāhaṇa (10–15) there is one which mentions bimbiśī (14).675 Chapter eight has a verse on the treatment of śayyāmūtra (14). Uncommon diseases from the remaining chapters are svedamasūrikā (11.24),676 aṣṭapadaḥ infesting the human body (11.66–67),677 āśyalūtā (16.79–80),678 karṇakarṇikā (17.6),679 and liṅgalūtā (18.2–3).680 Diseases left unmentioned are upadaṃśa, śūkadoṣa and the kṣudrarogas.

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Uncommon names of plants forming part of Kālidāsa’s materia medica are: akimcanādhipa (16.121),681 ākulī (7.15, 19, 22),682 alarkāri (19.49),683 araṇyātulasī (17.12),684 bhūmisarpa (18.22),685 brahmaḍaṇḍī (18.11),686 gandhalakṣmī (13.42),687 haritamañjarī (6.28 and 72; 19.40),688 jharasī (4.5),689 kabarī (16.67),690 kāraskara (6.3; 11.56; 12.27; 13.26),691 karpūravallī (11.37),692 kikkisa (7.22; 16.121),693 kṣudranātha (16.105),694 kṣudrapappaṇa (7.7),695 kukkuṭaṇispāva (16.118),696 nagnajit (7.17; 11.43),697 papphaṇa (8.5),698 phalālika (19.55),699 pūlāsa (7.18 and 21; 11.33),700 rāhūcchiṣṭa (3.24),701 raktalaśuna (6.28),702 raktapuccha (19.55),703 sāgarā (7.21),704 śākinī (7.17; 16.110),705 siṃhalī (3.8),706 sthalaśṛṅgāṭa (7.3),707 śvetaparṇāsa (6.30),708 śvetapulāsa (16.9 and 57),709 talapoṭa (16.39),710 triśūlī (16.60),711 vairī (7.17),712 vātamūlī (11.34),713 yakṣadṛś (6.32; 8.5 and 16; 16.46), yakṣākṣī (6.31), yakṣalocana (6.6), yakṣanetra (6.15).714 Opium (6.3: ahiphena) and mercury (11.21; 18.9, 20, 21, 25) are prescribed by Kālidāsa.715

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(2) The Dhārākalpa716 describes in twenty-seven verses a therapeutic procedure called dhārā, in which a fatty liquid, dripping from a suspended vessel, is applied to the body of a patient.717

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The maṅgala (1) is addressed to Gaṇeśa. The work deals with the beneficial effects of dhārā (2), the types of wood for the construction of the droṇī, i.e., the wooden frame in which the patient lies down (3), the dimensions of this droṇī (4), the auspicious time for beginning the treatment and the ceremonies to be performed (5), the vessel, called karaka, used for anointing the head of the patient (6), the qualities of the attendants and the substances to be used for the dhārā, i.e., sesamum oil, ghee, or a mixture of these (7–8), the four types of anointing the head of a patient preparatory to a dhārā with takra, i.e., diluted buttermilk (9), the takradhārā (10), vessels to be used for a dhārā (11), the treatment of a patient after the application of a dhārā (paścātkarman; 12), the effects of a takradhārā (13) and of a dhārā with sesamum oil and ghee (14), sneha and sveda (15–16), the duration of the treatment with dhārā and the prescribed height of the suspended vessel (17–18), faulty applications of a dhārā and the ways to remedy these (19–20), rules for the application of milk and dhānyāmla to the body of a patient (21), the right periods of time for the treatment and when it should not be performed (22), the after-treatment (paścātkarman; 23–24), behavioral rules for a patient during the treatment (25–26), and indications for treatment with dhārā (27).

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One of the trees said to be suitable for the construction of a droṇī is called doḷā. 718

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(3) Information on the Rasasārasamcaya by Kālidāsa is not available.

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*The author* No particulars are known about Kālidāsa. He may be regarded as originating from Kerala on account of his mentioning a number of medicinal plants used in that region, and because he wrote the Dhārākalpa, which describes a therapeutic procedure that has always been in vogue there. He calls himself a devotee of Śiva (20.24). 719

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*Date* As Kālidāsa probably borrowed a formula from Soḍhala, he is later than about 1200, and his reference to the disease called asthisrāva, also mentioned in the Ārogyacintāmaṇi, may indicate that he belongs to the same period as Dāmodara. A terminus ad quem cannot be determined, but his therapeutic procedures and materia may well confirm that he belonged to the fourteenth century. 720

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Kalyāṇadāsa

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Kalyāṇadāsa was the author of the Śabdaratanapradīpa or Ratnapradīpanighaṇṭu.

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This work is a homonymic lexicon, the catchwords being recorded in the alphabetical order of their first letters (from a to kṣa).

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It was composed by Kalyāṇadāsa, son of Nāmadeva and grandson of Lakṣmīdhara, who resided at Bahādurapura during the reign of Yādava Tulasīdāsa, son of Gopāla and founder of that city, possibly towards the end of the thirteenth century. The work was written at the instance of the author’s guru, Kāśīrāma, a Sārasvata brāhmaṇa of Bhāradvājagotra and a renowned physician in Mathurā, son of Mathurādāsa and grandson of Gurudāsa of Argalā. 721

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Kāṅhaḍadeva

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Kāṅhaḍadeva, son of Padmanābha, wrote the Karmavipākasārasamgraha or Sāragrāhakarmavipāka in 1384. Karṇasimha, a minister of Durgasimha who was a son of

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Bhūpāla, was the partner of the author. 722

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Kedārabhaṭṭa

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See: Vaidyaratna. 723

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Keśava

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Keśava was the author of the Siddhamantra, 724 a nighaṇṭu in 169 verses of diverse metres, called thus since, like a siddhamantra, in spite of its very small size, it is very efficient in enabling one to know the power of drugs. 725 Keśava’s son, Vopadeva, wrote a commentary on it, called Siddhamantraprakāśa. 726

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*Contents and special features* 727 The actions of a good number of drugs are described in a new way by Keśava, who concentrates on their effects on the doṣas, leaving aside their rasa, vīrya and vipāka, which can be inferred. 728 Though the most common type of nighaṇṭu usually specifies the rasa, vīrya and vipāka of a medicinal substance first, the effect on the doṣas is mostly mentioned as well, together with a number of other properties. Bearing this in mind, the Siddhamantra is of a new type in exclusively taking notice of what is called the doṣaprabhāva and enlarging upon this subject, which makes it a very interesting work.

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The first nine verses, called navaślokī in the commentary, are, apart from the two introductory stanzas, concerned with a short exposition on the general principles adopted in the book. In verse five the author declares that his book will resolve the problems arising from the mutually conflicting views of Caraka, Suśruta, and Khāraṇādi 729 concerning the actions of drugs. It can be concluded from verses six to eight 730 that fifty-seven types of drugs are distinguished in relation to their effects on the doṣas. 731 A special category among the actions of drugs, as a result of which the doṣas are neither alleviated nor provoked, but which may contribute to the one or the other outcome, depending on accompanying circumstances, is called udāsīna. 732

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Verse nine gives the subjects of the eight vargas into which the treatise is divided: (1) vātaghnavarga, (2) pittaghnavarga, (3) kaphaghnavarga, (4) vātapittaghnavarga, (5) kaphavātaghnavarga, (6) kaphapittaghnavarga, (7) doṣaghnavarga, (8) doṣalavarga. These vargas list drugs with an action contrary to one (1–3), two (4–6) or all three doṣas (7), whereas varga eight enumerates drugs provoking these. The treatise ends with a concluding verse and one containing information on the author. 733

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Keśava and the Siddhamantra are quoted by Śivadatta in his auto-commentary on the Śivakoṣa. 734

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An Āyurvedaprakāśa by Paṇḍitakeśava, who may or may not be the author of the Siddhamantra, is quoted by Hemādri. 735

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*The author* The last verse of the Siddhamantra reveals the author’s name, Keśava, and that of father, Mahādeva, the name of his teacher in medicine, Bhāskara, and finally that of the king by whom he was honoured, Simharāja. Additional information is given in his son's commentary on this verse: Mahādeva was a brāhmaṇa, living in Mahārāṣṭra; Bhāskara was a brāhmaṇa as well, living in Vedapura, 736 the capital of the country; Simharāja was the king of Daṇḍaka. 737

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Since Keśava appears to have been the royal physician of Simharāja, who is usually identified with Simhaṇa or Simhaṇa II, one of the Yādava kings of Devagiri, 738 who reigned from A.D. 1210 to A.D. 1247, 739 he lived during the first half of the thirteenth century. 740

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Lakṣmaṇa Paṇḍita Lakṣmaṇa Paṇḍita, a Jain, son of Vallabha, 741 was the author of the *Vaidyavallabha*. 742 He wrote this work at the request of Bukka II (1404–1406) of the Vijayanagar kingdom, to whom he was a personal physician (prāṇācārya). 743

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The Lakṣmaṇotsava The *Lakṣmaṇotsava* 744 is an encyclopaedic work on medicine 745 of about 4,000 verses, arranged in sixty-four chapters, 746 and completed in A.D. 1449/50. 747

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Chapters one to twelve describe: (1) the genealogy of the author's patron, 748 (2) anatomy (śārīra), (3) dinacaryā, (4) ṛtucaryā, (5) weights and measures (paribhāṣā), (6) the purification of the dhātus (dhātuśodhana), (7) times for administering medicines (bhaiṣajyakāladinirūpaṇa), (8) dreams (svapnalakṣaṇa), (9) the examination of the pulse (nāḍīparīkṣā), (10) a list of diseases (sarvarogagaṇana), and (12) the aetiology of the diseases (sarvaroganidāna). Chapters thirteen to fifty-nine deal with the diseases and their treatment, generally in agreement with Mādhava's order, but with the omission of chapters on apasmāra, hṛdroga, mūtrāghāta, aśmarī, udara, vṛddhi, vidradhi, śārīravraṇa, sadyovraṇa, bhagna, nāḍīvraṇa, upadaṃśa, śū-kadoṣa, amlapitta, and masūrikā. The last five chapters are about vājīkaraṇa, rasāyana, pañcakarman, dīpanapācanādi (technical terms for particular actions of medicines), and miscellaneous subjects (miśrakavarga). 749

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Sources referred to in the introductory verses (1.39) are Atrī, Bheḍa, Caraka, Nityanātha, Suśruta, and Vāgbhaṭa.

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The *Lakṣmaṇotsava* is quoted in Ananta's *Pratāpakalpadruma*, Dattarāma's *Bṛhadrasarājasundara*, 750 Cāmuṇḍa's *Jvaratimirabhāskara*, and in the *Yogaratnākara*. 751 It is referred to in Nidhi's *Yogasamuccaya*.

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A *Vaidyasarvasva* is also ascribed to Lakṣmaṇa, son of Amarasimha. 752

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Verses nine to thirty-nine of chapter one gave a detailed genealogy of the author's patron Lakṣmaṇa, 753 a kāyastha of the Māthura class, residing in Mathurā, and a son of Amarasimha. 754 The stanzas in praise of this Lakṣmaṇa mention that he had a tank (dīrghikā) and a rest-house (dharmaśālā) constructed in Navagrāma. 755 Lakṣmaṇa's fa-

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ther, Amarasimha, held some high position at the court of Mahamandakhāna, 756 a Śāka king (śākeśa, śākottama), who was still reigning at Śrīpatha 757 when the *Lakṣmaṇotsava* was composed. With regard to the authorship of the work, it appears that a certain Vedaśarman, who derived his knowledge from an extensive work by Kṣemaśarman, 758 dictated it to one Puruṣottama who perhaps revised it. 759 Two more persons, courtiers of Lakṣmaṇa, may have contributed to its composition. 760

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Lohaṭa Lohaṭa, son of Padma and pupil of Milhaṇa, who wrote the *Cikitsāmṛta*, was the author of the *Cikitsārṇavasamhitā*. 761 Since Milhaṇa belongs to the first half of the thirteenth century, Lohaṭa is somewhat later.

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The Madanapālanighaṇṭu The *Madanapālanighaṇṭu* 762 is also called *Madanavinoda*, 763 *Madanavinodanighaṇṭu*, 764 *Madanapālavinoda*, 765 *Madanapālavinodanighaṇṭu*, 766 *Madananighaṇṭu*, 767 and probably *Madanaratnanighaṇṭu*. 768 The work is attributed to king Madanapāla who, according to tradition, wrote a number of treatises on various subjects. 769 It is said to have been popular in the Northwestern provinces of India up to relatively recent times. 770 771

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Contents 772 This *nighaṇṭu* contains 1,466 verses, 773 arranged in thirteen *vargas*. 774 The medically relevant verses are mostly ślokas, whereas the introductory and concluding stanzas, as well as the first and the last ones of the majority of the *vargas*, are for the greater part in a longer metre. The verse at the end of the *vargas* is similar in most of them, ascribes the authorship to king Madana, and gives the name of the *varga*. The introductory verses praise Viṣṇu, Gaṇeśa, Sūrya and Kāśirāja, while the first verse of the remaining *vargas* extols Viṣṇu or Kṛṣṇa in beautiful language. The work ends with a genealogy of Madanapāla (13.92–98), followed by the standard verse concluding a *varga*, and, finally, a verse with the date of composition.

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The text of the treatise enumerates the synonyms of medicinal substances together with their properties, 775 while at the end various other subjects are dealt with, as is usual in a *nighaṇṭu*. The contents are as follows: (1) abhayādivarga, vegetable drugs, beginning with harītākī (abhayā); (2) śuṇṭhyādivarga, spices and condiments, including the types of salt, etc.; (3) sugandhidravyavarga, fragrant substances; (4) suvarṇādivarga, metals, minerals, gems, etc.; (5) vaṭādivarga, trees; (6) phalādivarga, fruits; (7) śākavarga, vegetables; (8) pānīyādigunavarga, liquids; (9) ikṣukādirasavarṇana, products of the sugarcane and related substances, together with honey; (10) dhānyaguṇavarṇana, grains and pulse; (11) dhānyakṛtānnādināmavarga, prepared foods; (12) māṃsavarga, the flesh of various animals; (13) miśrakavarga, on dinacaryā, ṛtucaryā, and related subjects.

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The *Madanapālanighaṇṭu* is quoted in the *Āyurvedābdhisāra*, Bhāvamiśra's glosses on the *Bhāvaprakāśa*, Jñārasarāmaśarman’s *Anupānadarpaṇa*, Kāśīrāma’s commentary on the *Śārṅgadharasaṃhitā*,⁷⁷⁶ Kāśīrāma’s *Smṛtyarthasāgara*,⁷⁷⁷ Khare’s commentary on the *Rasaratnasamuccaya*,⁷⁷⁸ the *Rājanighaṇṭu*, the *Śālīgramanighaṇṭubhūṣaṇa* of the *Bṛhannighaṇṭuratnākara*, Priyavrat Śarmā’s auto-commentary on his *Dravyaguṇasūtra*, Śivadatta’s auto-commentary on the *Śivakoṣa*,⁷⁷⁹ Śrīvallabhagaṇi’s commentary on Hemacandra’s *Abhidhānacintāmaṇi*⁷⁸⁰ and *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa*, Trimalla’s *Yogataraṅgiṇī*, Vaidyarāja’s *Suhabodha*, and Vallabhabhaṭṭa’s commentary on the *Jvaratrisatī*. It was one of the sources of Raghunāthajī’s *Nighaṇṭusaṃgraha*, of the chapters on materia medica of Toḍara’s *Āyurvedasaukhya*, the *nighaṇṭu* section of Trimalla’s *Bṛhadyogataraṅgiṇī*, and the *Śataślokī* of Trimalla.⁷⁸¹

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⁷⁷⁶ ...

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Special features

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Noteworthy names of drugs found in the *Madanapālanighaṇṭu* are:⁷⁸² ahiphena (opium; 1.345), ākāśavallī (1.262),⁷⁸³ āllūka (6.66),⁷⁸⁴ amṛta(phala) (6.59–60),⁷⁸⁵ añjīra (6.67),⁷⁸⁶ ārāmaśitalā (1.311),⁷⁸⁷ asthiśṛṅkhalikā (7.83),⁷⁸⁸ balāmoṭā (1.315),⁷⁸⁹ bhaṅgā (1.333),⁷⁹⁰ cauhāra (2.35),⁷⁹¹ chilihiṇṭha (1.346),⁷⁹² citrakandaka (7.79),⁷⁹³ diṇḍisa (7.32),⁷⁹⁴ elāphalā (6.65),⁷⁹⁵ gaṇḍadūrvā (1.336),⁷⁹⁶ ghanāgamabhavā(vallī) (7.58),⁷⁹⁷ jasada (4.12),⁷⁹⁸ jayapāla (1.114),⁷⁹⁹ kāliṅga (different from kuṭaja; 7.9),⁸⁰⁰ kāñcanī (1.334),⁸⁰¹ kañcukā (7.86),⁸⁰² kapitthapatrī (6.92),⁸⁰³ karmaraṅga (6.85),⁸⁰⁴ keyūra (different from hrīvera; 7.95),⁸⁰⁵ kharbūja (6.53–54),⁸⁰⁶ khasatila (1.344),⁸⁰⁷ kiṅkiṇī (6.43),⁸⁰⁸ kolaśimbī (7.33),⁸⁰⁹ kubjakā (3.88),⁸¹⁰ kukkuradru (1.312),⁸¹¹ kumārī (1.331),⁸¹² kuṭīra (7.52–53),⁸¹³ laghudrākṣā (6.5),⁸¹⁴ madhukarkaṭikā (6.79),⁸¹⁵ māṃsarohiṇī (1.320),⁸¹⁶ parpaṭī (3.71),⁸¹⁷ phoga (7.42),⁸¹⁸ rājapaṭolikā (7.45),⁸¹⁹ śamīśikā (5.66),⁸²⁰ śārāmla (6.83),⁸²¹ śilemānī (6.21),⁸²² sindūrī (3.106),⁸²³ sthūlakanda (7.88),⁸²⁴ śvetavārtāku (7.24),⁸²⁵ tirigicchi (5.63),⁸²⁶ tumbī, miṣṭā (7.10),⁸²⁷ tuṇṭuka (different from śyonāka; 7.57),⁸²⁸ vallakanda (7.59),⁸²⁹ vandhyākarkoṭakī (1.273–274),⁸³⁰ vāsantī (3.91),⁸³¹ vaṭapattrī (1.26),⁸³² viṣaṭinduka (6.40–42),⁸³³ and vuṣa (3.98).⁸³⁴

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⁸²⁵ ...

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⁸²⁶ ...

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⁸²⁷ ...

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⁸²⁸ ...

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⁸²⁹ ...

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⁸³⁰ ...

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⁸³¹ ...

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⁸³² ...

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⁸³³ ...

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⁸³⁴ ...

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Especially to be noted is the presence of bhaṅgā, khasatila, ahiphena, and jasada⁸³⁵ in this list. Moreover some drugs are mentioned which were also included in Vopadeva’s *Hṛdayadīpaka*: asthisaṃhāraka (1.321), hijjala (5.19), babūla (5.33; = babbūla), karañjī (5.62; = karañjikā), and jalakanda (7.89).⁸³⁶

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⁸³⁵ ...

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⁸³⁶ ...

The author

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The works attributed to Madanapāla were probably not written by this person of royal lineage himself, but under his patronage by authors who are only partially known. One of these was Viśveśvara Bhaṭṭa (1360–1390),⁸³⁷ who composed the *Madanapārijāta*, a treatise on dharmaśāstra, sometimes ascribed to Madanapāla,⁸³⁸ and the *Mahārṇava*.⁸³⁹ This Guṇākara Viśveśvara, son of Vācaspati (author of the *Ātaṅkadarpaṇa* on the *Mādhavanidāna*), may have composed the *Madanapālanighaṇṭu* or have assisted Madanapāla in writing it.⁸⁴⁰

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⁸³⁷ ...

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⁸³⁸ ...

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⁸³⁹ ...

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⁸⁴⁰ ...

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The genealogy of Madanapāla can be reconstructed from verses at the end of the *Madanavinoda*.⁸⁴¹ Madanapāla was a younger brother of Sahajapāla; both were

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⁸⁴¹ ...

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sons of Sādhāraṇa,⁸⁴² son of Hariścandra, son of Bharahapāla,⁸⁴³ son of Ratnapāla. Madanapāla was the father of two sons, who are both credited with a medical treatise; a paediatric text, *Śiśurakṣāratna*,⁸⁴⁴ is ascribed to the elder, Pṛthvīmalla, and the *Mahārṇava*⁸⁴⁵ to the younger, called Māndhātṛ. The descent of Madanapāla is confirmed by the introductory verses of the *Śiśurakṣāratna* where, however, Sahajapāla has remained unmentioned.⁸⁴⁶ The genealogy can be supplemented by data from the *Rasaratnapradīpa* by Rāmarāja, son of Ratnapāla, a descendant of Madana. The introductory verses of this treatise state that Madana, son of Sādhāraṇa, son of Haricandra, had two elder brothers, Lakṣmaṇasiṃha, the eldest, and Sahajapāla.⁸⁴⁷

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⁸⁴² ...

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⁸⁴³ ...

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⁸⁴⁴ ...

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⁸⁴⁵ ...

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⁸⁴⁶ ...

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⁸⁴⁷ ...

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Madanapāla belonged to the family of Ṭāka or Ṭākā kings,⁸⁴⁸ who ruled in Kāṣṭhā⁸⁴⁹ on the Yamunā, to the north of Delhi.⁸⁵⁰ Madanapāla’s viruda was kaṭāramalla.⁸⁵¹

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⁸⁴⁸ ...

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⁸⁴⁹ ...

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⁸⁵⁰ ...

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⁸⁵¹ ...

Date

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The last verse gives the date of composition of the work: Monday, 8 January 1375.⁸⁵²

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⁸⁵² ...

Cites (34)