Ancient Indian Education (Brahmanical and Buddhist) c10.42

c10.42

¹ Sāyaṇa describes three kinds of *Tapas*, viz. (1) tending the fires, (2) subduing the flesh by austerities (*kṛichchhhrādyācharanena śarīra-śoshanam*), and (3) concentration of the mind and senses on the divine (*manasaścha indriyāṇāṁ cha aikāgryaṁ tapa uchyate*). Sāyaṇa also cites Patañjali-Sūtra which mentions the following four processes of realizing the Divine, viz. (1) *Śaucha* (purity), (2) *Santosha* (contentment), (3) *Tapa* (penance), and (4) *Svādhyāya* (Vedic study)