Ancient Indian Education (Brahmanical and Buddhist) c13.18

c13.18

**Marks of Pupilage.** All the well-known marks of pupilage are known to Pāṇini. The pupil is to live with his teacher (*antevāsī*) but there is also a reference to day-scholars, the common mark of both classes of pupils being the carrying of the *daṇḍa* or staff [iv, 3, 130]. Another mark of the pupil is the bowl in his hand [i, 4, 84 (2)—*Kamaṇḍalu-pāṇiṁ chhatraṁ*]. The most important mark of the pupil was his going on begging rounds to approved householders for food and other necessaries [Patañjali on i, 1, 56 (1)]. There were several pupils thus serving their common teacher, as indicated by the special term applied to the boarder-pupils of the same school [iv, 3, 107 (*satīrthya*)]. Special *vratas* or vows of the Brahmachārin are also referred to [v, 1, 94] as well as the ceremony of Anupravachana [v, 1, 111].