Ancient Indian Education (Brahmanical and Buddhist) c16.105

c16.105

Coming now to the later philosophical systems, we find they all imply the Yoga system. The *Nyāya-Darśana*, for instance, mentions *Samādhi* as the means of attaining *tattvajñāna*, true knowledge [iv, 3, 36]. It also mentions the obstacles to *Samādhi*, such as hunger, thirst, and disease [iv, 3, 40], and the *Bhāshya* on iv, 2, 38 mentions *pratyāhāra* and *abhyāsa* as aids to *Samādhi*, as also *Yama* and *Niyama* as means of self-purification (*ātma-saṁskāra*). Again, iv, 2, 42 refers to a forest, cave, or river-bank, as helpful for the practice of Yoga. *Vaiśeshika* also refers to Yama, Niyama, Śuchi, and the like as aids to Yoga, which it thus defines [v, 2, 16]: "Tadanārambha ātmasthe manasi śarīrasya duḥkhābhāvaḥ saṁyogaḥ"; "Yoga consists in cessation from action, rest in self, and freedom from feeling of pain of body and mind."