Ancient Indian Education (Brahmanical and Buddhist) c16.230

c16.230

**Further Distractions.** The above nine hindrances have their other accompaniments or consequences. These are stated to be (1) *Duḥkha*, or Pain. Pain is that by which living beings are stricken down (*abhihata*) and to avert (*upaghāta*) which they strive (*prayatante*). This pain comes from three sources: (*a*) From self (*ādhyātmika*), such as bodily pain due to sickness, or mental pain by virtue of such things as passion (*kāma*); (*b*) From living creatures (*ādhibhautika*), such as the pain inflicted by a tiger for instance; (*c*) From chance or accident, acts of God or Nature (*ādhidaivika*), the baleful influence of planets.