Ancient Indian Education (Brahmanical and Buddhist) c16.26

c16.26

**Vidyāraṇya.** In his *Anubhūtiprakāśa*, Vidyāraṇya repeats the three means of attaining knowledge, viz. *Śravaṇa*, *Manana*, which he defines as reflection on what has been heard to remove doubts, and *Nididhyāsana*, defined as constant meditation to check tendency to error. He further points out that renunciation is indispensable to such meditation, because property entails activity. Therefore, property, i.e. all longing for progeny, wealth, fame, has to be given up for attaining knowledge. This implies the life of a householder which alone can make such renunciation possible. Meditation is possible only where there is no thought except thought of Self.