Ancient Indian Education (Brahmanical and Buddhist) c16.265

c16.265

(*c*) *Tapas*, penance, which means the capacity for enduring extremes, hunger and thirst, cold and heat, standing and sitting, stock-stillness (where no intention is expressed even by a sign) and silence (without speech). Certain *Vratas* or vows are enjoined for cultivation of these, viz. Kṛichchhra, Chāndrāyaṇa, and other mortifications of flesh (sāntapana).