Ancient Indian Education (Brahmanical and Buddhist) c22.23

c22.23

and extended to "all his life" for an "unlearned one"], after which he was allowed to give a *nissaya* to others, i.e. receive pupils as an *Āchārya*. For it is the *Āchārya* who is called the *nissaya-da* (giver of protection), while his protégé was called *nissaya-antevāsika* (pupil in dependence). The relations between the two are also indicated: "The *Āchāriya*, O Bhikkhus, ought to consider the *Antevāsika* (i.e. disciple living with his teacher) as a son; the *Antevāsika* ought to consider the *Āchāriya* as a father. Thus these two, united by mutual reverence, confidence, and communion of life, will progress, advance, and reach a high stage in this doctrine and discipline" [*Mahāvagga*, i, 32, 1]. Corresponding to the *Āchāriya* and his *Antevāsika* are the *Upājjhāya* and his *saddhivihārika* with similar relations (nissaya) between them [ib., 36, 1]. The higher rank of the *Upājjhāya* is evident from the fact that a *nissaya* or the relationship between the *Āchārya* and *Antevāsika* will be in abeyance in the presence of the *Upājjhāya* [ib.] whom the pupil will be bound to follow for the time being.