The Positive Sciences of the Ancient Hindus c10.89

c10.89

and the sum of effects (कार्य्यसामग्री). For example, fire requires green-wood to complete the sum of causal conditions to give rise to smoke with some particular marks (धूमविशेष—बहुलपाकहुतादिधर्म्मे विशिष्ट, Jayanta, II. ; compare Gaṅgeśa, कृष्णागुरुप्रभववह्निमानयं कटुकासुरभिप्राचुरधूमवत्त्वात् ।—Chintámani, Anumana, Viruddha-Siddhánta). Here, between an effect and a single condition (termed a cause) there is a relation of Vyápti. The effect is Vyápya or Gamaka (the sign or mark); the cause (or condition) is Vyápaka or Gamya (the thing signified). In other words, the presence of the effect indicates the presence of the causal condition, and the absence of the causal condition will by implication indicate the absence of the effect. Smoke of this particular kind is supposed to be an effect of which there is one and only one assemblage of causal conditions (fire and green-wood); hence, where there is smoke there is fire, and when there is no fire there is no smoke.