The Positive Sciences of the Ancient Hindus c6.7
The Positive Sciences of the Ancient Hindus c6.7
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c6.7
शब्दोऽम्बरगुणः संयोगविभागशब्दजः . . . . स्थानवायुसंयोगापेक्षमाणात् स्थानाकाशसंयोगात् वर्णोत्पत्तिः । अव्यक्तशब्दोऽपि भेरीदण्डसंयोगापेक्षात् भेर्य्याकाशसंयोगात् उत्पद्यते । वेणुपूर्व्वविभागात् वेण्वाकाशविभागाच्च शब्दाच्च शब्दाच्च संयोगविभागनिष्पन्नात् वीचिसन्तानवत् शब्दसन्तान इत्येकं सन्तानेन श्रोत्रप्रदेशमागतस्य ग्रहणम्। Praśastapâda, यथा जलवीच्या तदव्यवहिते देशे वीच्यान्तरमुपजायते ततोऽप्यन्यत् ततोऽप्यन्यदित्यनेन क्रमेण वीचिसन्तानो भवति तथा क्रमेण शब्दसन्तानो भवति । नन्वेषा कल्पना कुतः सिद्धतीत्याह etc. (*Śrîdhara*, *ibid.*). On this hypothesis the locus of the sound at any moment forms a circle in Âkâśa, and the propagation is carried on in the air by means of ever-expanding circles, as in the case of waves in water. But this analogy is rejected by some (*e.g.* Udyotakara), who hold that the first sound gives off not one sound in a circle, but an indefinite number of sounds in all directions, and each of these again gives off another, and so on, so that sound may be said to expand by successive concentric spherical layers, even as the Kadambakoraka (the so-called bud of the *Nauclea Kadamba*) expands by successive concentric spherical layers of filaments which shoot forth from one another. On the first of these two hypotheses, the air-wave implied in the transmission of sound is of the nature of what we call transverse waves; on the second, of the nature apparently of longitudinal waves. In any case, it is clear that the orthodox Mimâmsa view of Śabara Svâmi, that the air-wave constituting physical sound means a series of mere conjunctions and disjunctions of air-particles with rarefaction and condensation (*e.g.*, सर्व्वतोदिक्षान्-संयोगविभागानैरन्तर्य्येण, Śabara, प्रवय, Vâkyapadîya), implies longitudinal waves, वीचितरङ्गन्ययेन तदुत्पत्तिस्तु कीर्त्तिता कदम्बकोरक न्यायादुत्पत्तिः कस्यचिन्मते (Viśvanâtha, Bhâshâ Parichheda, Śloka 165); **परिशेषेषु सन्तानसिद्धिः। तत्राद्यः शब्दः संयोग-विभाग-हेतुकः। तस्मात् शब्दान्तराणि कदम्बगोलकन्यायेन सर्वदिक्कानि। तेभ्यः प्रत्येकमेकैकः शब्दः मन्दतरतमादिभावेनान्यप्रतियन्धमनुविधीयमानः प्रादुर्भास्त। ततोऽन्यस्यातिमान्द्यात् शब्दान्तरोत्पत्तिः—शक्तिविधातो येन केनचित् प्रतिबन्धात् भवति** (Udyotakara, II., 2, 14). As the momentum of the impact series (which constitutes the efficient cause of the sound-wave) grows feebler and feebler in the course of transmission through the air-particles, the sound at last dies away. Gangeśa, in the Chintâmaṇi, holds that the propagation is not from molecule to molecule, but travels in ever-expanding circles as in water-waves, perhaps in spherical layers by compression of masses of air; and these air-waves, the vehicles of sound, are exceedingly swift.. This explains the velocity of sound. **शब्देन च अव्यवहितपरमाणुदेशोत्पादक्रमेण न शब्दारम्भो येन मेघज्ञादि शब्दानां भूलोकप्राप्तिर्युगान्तरेऽपि न स्यात्। किन्तु मेघाद्यभिहतं सर्वतोगामि-महावायोगंहति देशे संयोग-निमित्तमासाद्य आद्यशब्देन सर्वदिग्वत्शब्दः एक एव जन्यते उत्तरोत्तरेणापि अधिकाधिकदेशतः सर्वत्र एकैक एव शब्दः वीचितरङ्गवदुपपद्यते वायोरेव नयनवत, महावेगतया शीघ्रगामित्वेन चरमशब्दारम्भात् आद्यशब्दानन्तरं अचिरेणैव शब्दोपलम्भः। वायोरेव च मन्दतरतमादिक्रमेण मन्दादिशब्दोत्पत्तिः यथा आद्य शब्देन कदम्बगोलकवद् दशदिशि दशशब्दा आरभ्यन्ते तैश्च दशशब्द सन्ताना इति** (Gangeśa, Tattva Chintâmaṇi).
Linked texts (3)
- Tattvacintāmaṇi — Sanskrit
- Vākyapadīya — Bhartṛhari (grammarian), Sanskrit
- Padārthadharmasaṅgraha — Praśastapāda, Sanskrit