The Hindu-Arabic Numerals c11.111

c11.111

[Boncompagni *Bulletino*, XV, p. 132.] Turchill (twelfth century) gives the names Igin, andras, hormis, arbas, quimas, caletis, zenis, temenias, celentis, saying: "Has autem figuras, ut donnus [dominus] Gvillelmus Rx testatur, a pytagoricis habemus, nomina uero ab arabibus." (Who the William R. was is not known. Boncompagni *Bulletino* XV, p. 136.) Radulph of Laon (d. 1131) asserted that they were Chaldean (*Propagation*, p. 48 n.). A discussion of the whole question is also given in E. C. Bayley, loc. cit. Huet, writing in 1679, asserted that they were of Semitic origin, as did Nesselmann in spite of his despair over ormis, calctis, and celentis; see Woepcke, *Propagation*, p. 48. The names were used as late as the fifteenth century, without the zero, but with the superscript dot for 10's, two dots for 100's, etc., as among the early Arabs. Gerhardt mentions having seen a fourteenth or fifteenth century manuscript in the Bibliotheca Amploniana with the names "Ingnin, andras, armis, arbas, quinas, calctis, zencis, zemenias, zcelentis," and the statement "Si unum punctum super ingnin ponitur, X significat. ... Si duo puncta super ... figuras superponunter, fiet decuplim illius quod cum uno puncto significabatur," in *Monatsberichte der K. P. Akad. d. Wiss.*, Berlin, 1867, p. 40.