The Hindu-Arabic Numerals c6.126

c6.126

⁴ This was asserted by G. Hager (*Memoria sulle cifre arabiche*, Milan, 1813, also published in *Fundgruben des Orients*, Vienna, 1811, and in *Bibliothèque Britannique*, Geneva, 1812). See also the recent article by Major Charles E. Woodruff, "The Evolution of Modern Numerals from Tally Marks," *American Mathematical Monthly*, August-September, 1909. Biernatzki, "Die Arithmetik der Chinesen," *Crelle's Journal für die reine und angewandte Mathematik*, Vol. LII, 1857, pp. 59-96, also asserts the priority of the Chinese claim for a place system and the zero, but upon the flimsiest authority. Ch. de Paravey, *Essai sur l'origine unique et hiéroglyphique des chiffres et des lettres de tous les peuples*, Paris, 1826; G. Kleinwächter, "The Origin of the Arabic Numerals," *China Review*, Vol. XI, 1882-1883, pp. 379-381, Vol. XII, pp. 28-30; Biot, "Note sur la connaissance que les Chinois ont eue de la valeur de position des chiffres," *Journal Asiatique*, 1839, pp. 497–502. A. Terrien de Lacouperie, "The Old Numerals, the Counting-Rods and the Swan-Pan in China," *Numismatic Chronicle*, Vol. III (3), pp. 297–340, and Crowder B. Moseley, "Numeral Characters: Theory of Origin and Development," *American Antiquarian*, Vol. XXII, pp. 279–284, both propose to derive our numerals from Chinese characters, in much the same way as is done by Major Woodruff, in the article above cited.