Vyaktiviveka 1.13.3

1.13.3

bhāvapradhānamākhyātam (niruktam-adhyāyaḥ1,nāmākhyātalakṣaṇam1). asatvabhūtārthā upasargādayaḥ. teṣāmasatvabhūtārthatvāviśeṣe'pi vyāpāraniyamāt prayoganiyamācca trairāśyopagamaḥ. tathā hi kriyārūpātiśayapratipattinibandhanamupasargāḥ prādayaḥ (aṣṭādhyāyī-1.4.98). bhāvasattvayorātmabhedapratyāyananimittamavadhṛtarūpārthaviśeṣāḥ svarādayo nipātāḥ. kriyāviśeṣopajanitasambandhāvacchedahetavaḥ karmapravacanīyāḥ (aṣṭādhyāyī-1.4.83). taduktam- dvidhā kaiścit padaṃ bhinnaṃ caturdhā pañcadhāpi vā. apoddhṛtyaiva vākyebhyaḥ prakṛtipratyayādivat.. iti. (vākyapadīyam-3.1.1) etacca vakṣyate. vākyamanekaprakāram, kriyāprādhānyāt, tasyāścaikatvāt. yadāhuḥ- sākāṅkṣāvayavaṃ bhede parānākāṅkṣaśabdakam. kriyāpradhānaṃ guṇavadekārthaṃ vākyamiṣyate.. iti. (vākyapadīyam-2.4) artho'pi dvividho vācyo'numeyaśca. tatra śabdavyāpāraviṣayo vācyaḥ. sa eva mukhya ucyate. yadāhuḥ- śrutimātreṇa yatrāsya sāmarthyamavasīyate. taṃ mukhyamarthaṃ manyante gauṇaṃ yatnopapāditam.. iti. (vākyapadīyam-2.278) tata eva tadanumitādvā liṅgabhūtādyadarthāntaramanumīyate so'numeyaḥ. sa ca trividhaḥ-vastumātram, alaṅkārāḥ, rasādayaśceti. tatrādyau vācyāvapi sambhavataḥ. anyastvanumeya eveti. tatra padasyārtho vācya eva, nānumeyaḥ, tasya niraṃśatvāt, sādhyasādhanabhāvābhāvataḥ. vākyārthastu vācyasyārthasyāṃśaparikalpanāyāmaṃśānāṃ vidhyanuvādabhāvenāvasthitervidheyāṃśasya siddhāsiddhatayopapādanānapekṣasāpekṣatvena dvividho boddhavyaḥ. tatra siddhau vidhyanuvādabhāvaḥ svarūpamātrānuvādāt. yathā-

"The verb has becoming as its principal meaning." Prefixes and the like have meanings that are not substantive entities. Although there is no distinction among them in having meanings that are not substantive entities, a threefold division is admitted because of restrictions in function and restrictions in usage. For prefixes such as 'pra' and so on are the cause of apprehending a distinction in the form of an action. Particles such as 'svar' and so on, whose particular forms and meanings are fixed, are the cause of conveying the difference in nature between becoming and entity. Adnominal prepositions are the causes that delimit a relation produced by a particular action. As it has been said: "A word is divided by some into two kinds, or into four kinds, or into five kinds, by abstracting it from sentences just like base and suffix, etc." And this will be explained. The sentence is of multiple varieties because action is predominant and action is one. As they say: "A sentence is accepted as having mutually expectant parts when divided, possessing words that do not require others, having action as predominant, possessing qualifiers, and having a single meaning." Meaning also is twofold: expressed meaning and inferable. There, what is the object of the function of the word is the expressed meaning. That alone is called primary. As they say: "Where its capacity is determined through mere hearing, that they consider the primary meaning, whereas the secondary is established through effort." What is inferred as a further meaning from that very [expressed meaning] or from what is inferred by it, serving as an inferential sign, is the inferable. And that is threefold: a mere fact, ornaments of poetry, and rasa and the rest. There, the first two can also be expressed. But the other is solely inferable. There, the meaning of a word is exclusively expressed, not inferable, because it has no parts and because the relation of probandum and probans is absent. But the meaning of a sentence is to be understood as twofold in terms of requiring or not requiring proof according to whether the component to be predicated is established or unestablished, since, when portions of the expressed meaning are conceptualized, the portions stand in the relation of subject and predicate. There, when established, the relation of subject and predicate is [realized] by restating the mere nature. For example: