Shringaraprakasha 2.p1.11

2.p1.11

Affixes such as an occurring with an accompanying word denote the agent and other [syntactic roles]; for example: kandalavah ('one who cuts stems'), padaharakah ('one who takes away feet'), subhamkaranam ('making auspicious'), goghnaḥ ('slayer of a cow'), sambhuh ('born from bliss'), and gosthah ('standing among cows'). Primary affixes belonging to the unadi class, occurring without an accompanying word, have conventional meaning; for example: karuh ('artisan'), datram ('sickle'), dhatri ('nurse'), dasah ('servant'), and bhismah ('terrible'). Both types, when possessing elision, are affixes such as kvin; for example: ghrtasprk ('touching clarified butter'), saddak ('sitting well'), arthabhak ('partaking in wealth'), subhamyuh ('prosperous'), pran ('forward-facing'), and yun ('yoked'). Affixes such as satr denote solely the agent when the portion of action is prominent; for example: yavagum pacan ('cooking barley-gruel'), somam pavamanah ('purifying soma'), asitam dasvan ('having given food'), vedamanucanah ('having recited the Veda'), bhuktavan odanam ('having eaten boiled rice'), and gramam gami ('about to go to the village'). The very same are affixes such as trn when accompanied by limiting conditions like disposition; for example: jagaritapararatrah ('one who remains awake in the latter part of the night'), mundayitārah sravisthayanah ('the Sravisthayanas are habitual shavers'), vadhumudham ('one who carries the bride'), alamkarisnuh ('disposed to adorn'), katiha kavacam udvahamanah ('how many here bear armor?'), satam dayi ('habitual giver of a hundred'), and edhan aharako vrajati ('he goes as a fetcher of firewood'). Affixes such as tavya, denoting either the state or the syntactic roles, have their portion of action prominent or non-prominent; for example: kartavyam bhavata ('it should be done by you'), karaniyam bhavata ('it is to be done by you'), karyah kato bhavatah ('a mat is to be made by you'), krtyah kato bhavatah ('a mat is to be made by you'), vastavyo bhavan ('you ought to dwell'), and brahmabhuyam bhavatah ('the becoming of brahman belongs to you'). The very same, belonging to the Vedic domain, are affixes such as tavai; for example: paridhatavai ('to dress around'), paristaritavai ('to strew around'), avacakse ('to look down'), avagahe ('to plunge into'), diddaksenyah ('worthy of being seen'), and kartum havih ('to prepare the oblation'). Affixes such as kta have their portion of action prominent; for example: bhuktam bhavata ('it was eaten by you'), bhujyamanam bhavata ('it is being eaten by you'), bhoksymanam bhavata ('it will be eaten by you'), bhuktam odanam ('boiled rice was eaten'), bhakta odano bhavata ('the boiled rice was eaten by you'), and likewise bhoksymanah ('one who will eat'). The very same, possessing distinct grammatical tenses, are affixes such as khal; for example: svadhyambhavam bhavata ('it is easy for you to become wealthy'), sutthanam bhavata ('it is easy for you to stand up'), prasitambhavam bhavata ('it is easy for you to partake'), duradhyambhavam bhavata ('it is hard for you to become wealthy'), isatpanah somo bhavata ('soma is easy to be drunk by you'), and atimbhavam bhaktam ('boiled rice is easily possessed'). Affixes such as lyut, whose portion of action is non-prominent, mostly denote qualities; for example: vyasasya vacanam ('Vyasa's speech'), paniner uktih ('Panini's utterance'), dhatrasya hasitam ('the laugh of the actor'), idhmanam vrascanam ('cutting of fuel sticks'), jananam bhaktih ('devotion of the people'), and rajnam matam ('opinion of kings'). The very same, mostly denoting substances, are affixes such as ghan;