Shringaraprakasha 2.p1.12

2.p1.12

for example: paryayah kriyanam ('succession of actions'), viparyayah kalasya ('reversal of time'), samgrahah sastrānam ('compilation of treatises'), adhitas svadhyayāh ('the Vedic study has been studied'), adhigata upayah ('the means has been grasped'), and sreyan upadhyayāh ('the preceptor is superior'). 2.6. Affixes denoting their own sense as related to state or syntactic roles, not attached to verbal roots, are secondary affixes (taddhita). There, state is twofold: internal and external. Of these two, the internal is the occasion for the word's application to its referent, as [the author of the Mahabhasya] said: 'That quality through whose presence a word is applied to a substance is its state; in denoting that, -tva and -tal are used.' For its comprehensive grasp, the author of the Samgraha recites: 'In a word [they convey] that universal; in the universal of things [they convey] the word itself; in words like "white" [they convey] the universal; in a word for a substance [they convey] that quality; in primary affixes they convey that connection, and in a possessive [derivative they convey] the undifferentiated form: [such are] the expressible meanings that -tva and others bring to awareness within expressible objects.' 2.7. Therefore it is divided into six kinds: universal, quality, inherent nature, relation, aggregate, and undifferentiated form. Among these, the universal is, for example: gotvam ('cowness'), suklatvam ('whiteness'), manusyakam ('humanity'), strainam ('femininity'), paumsnam ('masculinity'), and brahmanyam ('brahminhood'). Quality is, for example: suklatvam ('whiteness'), sighratvam ('swiftness'), suryatvam ('sun-ness'), diktvam ('directional nature'), and tadatvam ('temporality'). Relation is, for example: pacakatvam ('cook-ness'), kandalavatvam ('stem-cutter-ness'), danditvam ('staff-bearer-ness'), aupagavatvam ('descendant-of-Upagu-ness'), rajapurusatvam ('king's-servant-ness'), nilotpalatvam ('blue-lotus-ness'), and gaurakhadiratvam ('fair-Khadira-ness'). Undifferentiated form is, for example: sattvam ('existence'), vidyamanatvam ('being-present-ness'), gargatvam ('Garga-ness'), pancalatvam ('Pancala-ness'), padarthatvam ('word-meaning-ness'), and pankajatvam ('mud-born-ness'). Now, an objection: A traditional rule states: 'From universal and quality, [the state is] universal and quality; of things like Dhava and Khadira, it is the aggregate of their own kind; in Dittha and others it is inherent nature, but in primary affixes it is relation; 2.8. [such are the domains of] -tva and other affixes.' How then does it also occur with undifferentiated form and the like? It is answered: 'In primary affixes, secondary affixes, and compounds, the expression of relation is invariable, except in cases of conventional usage, undifferentiated form, and unfailing connection.' Hence it was said: 'In primary affixes they convey that connection, and in a possessive derivative the undifferentiated form.' 2.9. The boundary point also is accepted by the wise as what is to be expressed by -tva and other affixes: for from cowness arises the cognition 'cow' as well as its linguistic designation. 2.9.