Shringaraprakasha 5.p2.13

5.p2.13

That by which a substance is qualified, is delimited—that is declared to be the ground for the application of a linguistic sound to its meaning, the attribute of the meaning, the mark of the meaning, the qualifier, the quality, the state of being. That is threefold: quality, measure, and relation. There, when a substance is expressed by case affixes and the like, the quality producing the cognition is genus, quality, number, spatial arrangement, temporal posture, and so forth. For example: cow, brāhmaṇa, clever, fair, one, many, Hanūmat, Vāsudeva, young, old, straight, prior, and so on. Measure is a delimiting factor whose designation is solely non-coloring; it is manifold owing to distinctions such as distance, weight, number, aggregate, and field. For example: a yojana [for] a mountain, a pala [for] gold, a purāṇa, cowrie shells, an akṣauhiṇī [of] troops, a khārī [of] rice, a nivartana [of] land. Relation is the ground for application in the meanings of kṛt, taddhita, compounds, and particular nominal stems. It is threefold: relation to action, relation to substance, and relation to action and substance. There, relation to action is, for example: ‘cook’. Relation to substance is, for example: ‘one holding a staff’, ‘king’s officer’. Relation to action and substance is, for example: ‘gambler with dice’, ‘one who has departed from Kauśāmbī’. When, however, words denoting genus, quality, measure, and so forth are expressed primarily, or are conveyed by abstract affixes, then these possess solely substantiality, not the status of a mark. For an abstract affix attaches to a genus or quality to signify a genus or quality; but to a compound, a kṛt, or a taddhita to signify a relation; to Ḍittha and others in its own form; to dhava and khadira in the aggregate of genera. Others, however, declare: own-meaning is the qualifier, substance is the qualified, and grammatical gender is feminine, neuter, [and masculine]. And that is stated to be the nominal-stem meanings of particles, verbal prefixes, preverbs, and adpositional particles. For particles and the like do not, by taking up a ground for application, operate upon meanings that have become substantial entities fit for designations such as ‘this’ or ‘that’. Rather, without taking up a ground for application, they enter directly upon an insubstantial meaning such as conjunction.